Drugs
What is a drug?
Any substance that alters the physiology of the body but is not a food or nutrient
What are Side Effects?
Any other unintended effect, harmful or otherwise
Different drugs have different degrees of lipid solubility that are usually expressed in terms of?
The Olive Oil Coefficient
● Drugs that are highly lipid soluble are more highly concentrated in the oil
define the pKa of a drug
The pH at which half its molecules are ionized
3-4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine is what?
Chemical Name
Define Effectiveness:
A drug's ability to produce a maximum, biologically functional response at its molecular target, regardless of dose
How much more carcinogens does Marijuana contain than tobacco?
50-70%
What concentration in the blood of the mother reaches the fetus and within how long?
75-100% & Within 5 minutes
Names ending in 'ase' are what?
enzymes
Lorazepam, Diazepam, Lidocaine, Levodopa, Haloperidol, Phenobarbital are what?
Generic Name
What does Potency (DRC) refer to?
Refers to the differences in the ED 50 of the drugs
Inhalation of gasses occurs when?
No First Pass occurs when inhalation occurs, drugs dissolved in the blood in the lungs are delivered to the brain without having to first pass through the liver, where some metabolism takes place
Depot injections are usually given for what drug?
Antipsychotics so psychotics don't end up off their meds
What is Toxic Level?
Dose in which adverse side effects occur
Patentable, Proprietary / Brand Names (ie., Xanax, Valium, Percocet) are what?
Trade Names
Define Therapeutic Index (TI ; Therapeutic Ratio)
Ratio of the LD 50 to the ED 50 ; TI = LD 50 /ED 50
● The farther apart that the LD 50 & ED 50 are, the better (safer); the higher the TI the safer the drug
What is it called when one drug diminishes the effect of another?
Antagonism
What makes Ionized molecules different from lipid soluble?
They do not pass through the membrane, ionization will occur for bases in acidic pH and for acids in basic pH, so whichever is less ionized will be more readily absorbed and more effective
What is a Therapeutic Window?
A range of blood concentrations of medicine between a level that is minimally effective (therapeutic level) and a higher level that has toxic side effects (toxic level)
What is a ED 50 (Median Effective Dose)
Dose that is effective in 50% of the subjects tested
What is a Dose-response curve?
Plotting of range of effective dose from a dose so low there is almost no detectable effect, to a dose so high that increases in dose have no further effect, and a number of doses in between
What is Agonism (superadditive/potentiation)?
When, together, drugs have an effect that is greater than might be expected simply by combining their individual effects
What do Hydrophilic bilayers do?
Membrane around all cells that are made of two layers of lipid molecules
● Highly lipophilic drug molecules easily diffuse through membranes
A dose that is minimally effective is defined as what?
Therapeutic Level
What is LD 50 (Median Lethal Dose)
The dose that was lethal in 50% of the subjects tested