Drugs
Define Tachyphylaxis
Acute tolerance / accelerated-protection
Enzyme production and release induced upon drug use is a result of?
Pharmacokinetic tolerance
Is sensitivity increased or decreased during upregulation and what is this due to?
Increased sensitivity due to drug blocking the receptor sites
Cross-dependence is?
Withdrawal symptoms can be halted almost instantly by giving a drug of the same family to the one that has been discontinued (giving codeine for oxy, lorazepam for xanax)
Operant conditioning of drug tolerance is?
If tolerance is a result of learning strategies to compensate for the effect of a drug, then the development of tolerance should depend on the occurrence of reinforcement when a compensatory response is made
What is Cross-Tolerance?
Evidence that drugs produce their effect by similar / common mechanisms (ie., oxy tolerance transfers to hydromorphone)
What is Pharmacodynamic?
A drug's effect on the body, including various physiological processes
What is Upregulation?
Manufacturing of more receptor sites, or response of the homeostatic mechanism by increasing the synthesis and release of the neurotransmitter
What is Functional Disturbance?
Tolerance will develop only in a circumstance where a drug places a demand on an organism's homeostatic mechanisms
Define Sensitization
Certain effects of a drug increase with repeated administration; the mirror image of tolerance
What is Acute Tolerance?
Tolerance that has been developed during a single administration
Pharmacodynamic Tolerance Arises from What?
Arises from adjustments made by the body to compensate for an effect caused by the continued presence of a drug
Downregulation
Drug stimulates instead of blocking the receptor sites, leading to a decrease in the release of neurotransmitters, and a decrease in receptor sites manufactured
Define Compensatory Responses
Physiological changes that are opposite to the drugs effect (in absence of a drug, they are withdrawal symptoms)
The placebo effect is the context in which a drug administered is capable of having a significant influence on the effect that the drug will have
Nocebo effect is when negative expectations can generate adverse side effects in participants; negative expectations for treatment outcomes cause a more negative effect than otherwise would have
What does acute tolerance do to effect during absorption and elimination?
Drug effect can be greater at a specific blood level during absorption than it is at that same blood level during elimination as a result of acute tolerance
When do Homeostatic mechanisms occur?
Only when a drug places pressure on the mechanism
Is sensitivity increased or decreased during downregulation and what is this due to?
Decreased sensitivity due to drug stimulating the receptor sites
Describe Opponent Process Theory
With repeated administration of a drug, the body changes its functioning and, through homeostatic feedback, it compensates for the physiological changes the drug produces
What is the expectation mechanism? (ie., top down pathway)
Activated by the expectation of drugs, the top-down pain-relieving pathway from the cortex to a pain control center in the lower brain that capable of blocking pain
Pharmacokinetic Tolerance (metabolic / dispositional) Arises When?
Arises from an increase in the rate or ability of the body to metabolize a drug, resulting in fewer drug molecules reaching their sites of action
What are Homeostatic Mechanisms?
If a drug is administered repeatedly, the body gets better at restoring normal functioning and diminishes the disruptive effect of the drug
What is Conditioned Tolerance?
Through experience with a drug or by learning, an organism can learn to decrease the effect that the drug is having (rats learning to control amphetamine to get more)
Define Withdrawal
A state of physiological changes that occurs when the use of a drug is stopped or the dosage is decreased
UCS = A
UCR = B
CS = C
CR = D
A. Drug
B. Response to Drug
C. Conditioned To The Drug
D. Opposite To Drug Effect Or The Drug Effect Itself