Social
Define Hindsight Bias
Overestimating how well we could have predicted an outcome; AFTER it has already happened
Define Validity
How accurately a method measures something
The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and other people is defined as what?
External Validity
What do Negative Correlations indicate?
Indicate that an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other
There are three types of method used to study social problems :
Observational Methods
Correlational Methods
Experimental Methods
What is the Continual Process of Theory Refinement?
Develop a theory
Test specific hypotheses derived from that theory
Based on the result, revise the theory and formulate new hypotheses
What is Correlation Coefficient (r)?
The relation between variables (r)
The Advantage of Surveys is that they enable the researcher to...
Judge the relationship between variables that are often difficult to observe
Easy to administer
What is Internal Validity?
The extent to which we can draw cause-and effect conclusions
What is a Hypothesis?
A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables
What do Positive Correlations indicate?
Indicate that an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other
Define Surveys
Research in which a representative sample of people are asked questions about their attitudes or behavior
What is Confirmation Bias (The Mother of All Biases)?
A tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and neglect or distort evidence that contradicts them
Describe Belief Perseverance
A tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
What is Archival Analysis?
An examination of the accumulated documents or archives of a culture, such as diaries, novels, magazines and newspapers
Powerful method because it provides a unique look at the values of a culture
What does Zero Correlation mean?
No relationship
What is The Observational Method?
technique whereby a researcher observes people & systematically records measurements of their behavior
Ethnography
Archival analysis
What is a Theory?
An organized set of principles that can be used to explain observed phenomena
Define Ethnography
A method whereby researchers observe a group or culture from the inside, without imposing any of their preconceived notions
Behaviors to be observed must be clearly defined beforehand
Describe The Correlational Method
A technique whereby researchers systematically measure two or more variables and assess the relation between them
Measures how much one variable can be predicted by the other