Mere Presence
Conformity
Obedience
Kelly Review
Kreiss Review
100
_________, common in Western cultures (in contrast to _______), is characterized by an independent sense of identity, a focus on individual achievement, and a desire to standout from the group.
individualism; collectivism
100
Sherif (1936) used the __________ effect to study ______ formation and conformity.
autokinetic; norm
100
Milgram’s study on obedience used _________ when he told participants that the goal of the study was to learn about “the effects of punishment on learning”
deception
100
Professor Kelly wants to investigate the relationship between students’ grades and the number of times they go to office hours. He does this by recording office hour visits and comparing the frequency of visits to the students final average. Is his study: 1. OBSERVATIONAL OR EXPERIMENTAL? 2. LAB OR FIELD? 3. SELF-REPORT OR OBSERVATION? What type of conclusions might he be able to make?
Observational, field, observation; CORRELATIONAL CONCLUSIONS
100
Two types of cells in the nervous system are 1. _________ and 2. ________. Consider #2, _________ are found in the CNS and ________ are found in the PNS.
neurons; glial cells; oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
200
When Chinese and U.S. middle schoolers counted tones in an auditory tracking tasks in pairs or alone, Chinese students worked harder ________, while U.S. students demonstrated social ________.
in pairs; loafing
200
When a situation is ambiguous, ___________ influences play a larger role in leading to private conformity, or ___________.
informational; acceptance (in contrast to normative influences causing compliance in clear situations)
200
For what reason did research on obedience initially begin?
after WWII/behavior of Nazis in the Holocaust
200
the idea that the body and mind exist separately, one is purely physical and one is purely spiritual; Descartes believed they were connected (thought the pineal gland); materialism/monism/empiricism, which allowed for the scientific study of behavior
What is dualism, and why was Descartes a “different kind of dualist?” What came after dualism?
200
The pituitary gland releases __________, and the pineal gland releases_________.
many hormones; melatonin
300
Ringelmann measured individual efforts of students pulling a rope while alone of in groups of 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and found that ________. This is an example of ______________ (a phenomenon also used to explain Kitty Genovese).
as group size increased, individual effort decreased; diffusion of responsibility
300
Describe the study that demonstrated that group size is a factor in whether or not someone conforms.
Milgram, Bickman & Berkowitz—looking up at a tall building; after 5 or higher almost all passersby conform
300
What is the reason that the sequential nature of the experiment facilitated obedience?
slowly increasing the shocks over time may be desensitizes the participant, thus allowing them to keep obeying, despite their misgivings
300
Wundt had the first ________ and used two methods of study: _______ and _______. What were several reactions to Wundt?
textbook/laboratory; introspection/experiment; functionalism/Gestalt psychology/behaviorism/psychoanalysis
300
Explain how the somatic nervous system differs from the autonomic nervous system. What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
The somatic nervous system responds to the external environment, includes both voluntary (like picking up a pencil) and involuntary (reflex like pulling back hand from stove) responses. The autonomic nervous system responds to and controls internal, involuntary functions (like heart rate, blood pressure, etc). Para & sym are part of the autonomic that cause (respectively) the body to go into a relaxed state (ACh) or an aroused state (NE)
400
What is the difference between social influence and social facilitation? Give an example study for each.
social influence: presence of others/thoughts of others having some effect on your behavior/thoughts (Conti, Triplett) vs. facilitation: presence of others/thoughts of others leading to the strengthening of dominant/easy/well-learned responses (Triplett, Allport, Zajonc)
400
Explain the methods and results of the Asch (1951; selecting a matching length line study). Do you think informational or normative influences played a larger role? Could Asch make causal claims with this data?
participants conformed to judgments of confederates in choosing which line matched the target line (situation clear = normative influences = compliance). They can make causal claims, because the only variable was whether the confederates chose the correct or incorrect answer.
400
Discuss some of the variations used in replications of Milgram’s original study. Why were these replications done?
in women; in office building; with ordinary person in charge; with victim in room→ researchers were trying to understand the underlying processes that facilitate obedience, and how they can be manipulated
400
What is the difference between internal and external validity?
Internal validity is high if a study is able to make causal claims/produce clear connections between variables. External validity is high when the results of a study can be generalized to other populations/settings/conditions
400
Explain how an action potential works.
stimulation to the dendrites of the neuron (like neurotransmitters interacting with receptors) causes Na+ ion channels in the axon hillock to open and Na+ to come in; this causes the voltage of the neuron to increase from around -40 to around +70 (DEPOLARIZATION); K+ ion channels then open and K+ ions leave the neuron, causing voltage to decrease (REPOLARIZATION); this process continues down the axon, until neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal. ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD. Na-K ion pump
500
If you were an _________ psychologist (a psychologist that studies how to motivate people in work settings), how would set up an office where some employees do simple data entry and some employees are working on complex problem-solving?
industrial/organizational; put simple employees in cubicles together/give complex people offices
500
Which examples demonstrate that larger group size can inhibit bystander intervention? What processes might lessen responses to these emergencies?
smoke study; Kitty Genovese; race bias study (Kuntsman & Plant); diffusion of responsibility, social comparison, normative/informational influences
500
What replications studied the effect of having another person working with the participant? How did they affect conformity?
confederate “rebelled” = obedience decreased drastically; confederate give shocks to the end = obedience increased drastically
500
What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?
descriptive statistics are a way to summarize data (central tendency, variability, correlations); inferential stats are a way to make inferences about what you’ve found, to see if an IV produced a difference in behavior that isn’t due to chance
500
1. List 4 brain imaging techniques: which allow you to study function of the brain? Which allow you to study structure? 2. What research techniques allow you to study specific neurons?
PET scan, fMRI; CAT scan, MRI; external stains (Golgi, Nissl, Myelin) allow you to study structure; EEG and microelectrode recording allow you to study APs of neurons
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