Glycolysis
Link and Krebs
Photosynthesis
Electron Transport Chains
Potpourri
100
Where does glycolysis occur?
The cytoplasm of the cell
100
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
In the matrix of the mitochondrion
100
During photosynthesis, _________ energy is converted into ________ energy.
Light (or electromagnetic), chemical
100
Where is the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
In the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
100
What is defined as "the controlled release of energy from organic molecules to produce ATP"?
Cell respiration
200
What is the net output of ATP during glycolysis? (per glucose molecule)
2 ATP
200
During the link reaction, pyruvate is turned into:
Acetyl CoA
200
Where do the light dependent reactions occur?
Thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast (I just saw that your book says inside the thylakoid space. Due to this discrepancy, I will not put that question on the test).
200
Why is oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain in cell respiration?
It is the most electronegative element in the chain, so it "pulls" the electrons down through the chain. Without oxygen, the chain would stop and large production of ATP that results would not occur.
200
What part of cell respiration occurs during anaerobic respiration? With a yield of how many ATP per glucose?
Glycolysis only, so the yield of ATP is small (only 2 net ATP).
300
What molecule goes into glycolysis and what molecule (not an energy carrier) comes out?
Glucose (or a hexose) goes in and 2 pyruvate come out
300
What is the name of the 4 carbon molecule that gets recycled in the Krebs Cycle?
oxaloacetate
300
What products from the light dependent reactions are needed in the Calvin Cycle?
ATP and NADPH
300
What happens to the electrons during the electron transport chains of cell respiration and the chain that follows PSII in photosynthesis?
The electrons fall through electron carriers in the membrane and give up energy as they go. The energy is used to transfer hydrogen ions (protons) across the membranes into either to intermembrane space (cell resp) or the thylakoid space (PSII of photosynthesis).
300
Come up here and draw and label a mitochondrion (7 labels)
Labels to include inner membrane, outer membrane, intermembrane space, matrix, naked DNA, 70S ribosomes, cristae
400
What are the 3 stages of glycolysis?
phosphorylation, lysis, and oxidation
400
What does it mean to say that oxidative decarboxylation occurs during the link reaction?
It means that carbon dioxide is lost (decarboxylation) and pyruvate is oxidized (hydrogen removed and given to NAD+ to make NADH).
400
Distinguish between an action spectrum and an absorption spectrum.
An action spectrum shows how much photosynthesis occurs (as measured through oxygen production, carbon dioxide uptake, or biomass increase) versus wavelength, whereas an absorption spectrum shows how much light is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments versus wavelength. Also, the absorption spectrum is separated by type of pigment, and the action spectrum that we studied did not specify the pigments.
400
Where do the electrons come from in the electron transport chains of cell respiration and photosynthesis?
In cell respiration, the high energy electrons come from NADH and FADH2. In photosynthesis, the photolysis of water provides electrons. Then, these electrons in the photosystems are excited by light and pass their energy to the primary electron acceptor, which then sends the electrons through the transport chain.
400
Describe how structure affects function in the chloroplast.
There are many thylakoids to maximize surface area for light absorption, the electron chains, and ATP synthesis. The thylakoid space is small so hydrogen ion concentration builds up quickly and this increases the drive to make ATP. The stroma is a jelly-like fluid that contains enzymes and makes a good environment for chemical reactions, protein synthesis, etc.
500
Describe what happens during the 3 stages of glycolysis.
During phosphorylation, 2 phosphates are added to the glucose from 2 ATP's. During lysis, the glucose phosphate is split into 2 triose phosphates. During oxidation, hydrogen is taken from the triose phosphates and pyruvate is made. The hydrogens are used to make 2 NADH from 2 NAD+ ions.
500
How many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are generated during the Krebs cycle (per glucose molecule).
2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
500
List the 3 stages of the Calvin Cycle and what occurs during each.
During the carbon fixation stage, carbon dioxide is combined with RuBP with the help of the enzyme, Rubisco. During the Reduction stage, glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced (hydrogen is added). 2 ATP and 2 NADPH are used per carbon dioxide during this stage. During the Regeneration of RuBP stage, 5 triose phosphates are reorganized to become 3 RuBP's using the energy of 1 ATP per carbon dioxide.
500
Describe chemiosmosis.
During electron transport, hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane and build up in either the intermembrane space (cell resp) or the thylakoid space (photosynthesis). The crowding and positive charge can be relieved by the hydrogen ions passing through ATP synthase molecules in the membranes. When they pass through, they "turn the mill" and generate ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
500
Explain how 3 limiting factors of photosynthesis affect the Calvin Cycle.
If light is limiting, the Calvin Cycle shuts down at the reduction stage because the ATP and NADPH that are needed are made during the light dependent reactions. If carbon dioxide is limiting, the Calvin Cycle will shut down during carbon fixation because carbon dioxide is needed! If temperature is too low, the Calvin Cycle reactions slow down because reactants are moving too slowly. If the temperature is too high, rubisco denatures and the Calvin Cycle stops at carbon fixation.
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