IP
what is a cancer of the plasma cells, a type of white blood cell in the bone marrow that produces antibodies. It causes abnormal cells to accumulate, leading to bone damage (lesions), kidney issues, and high blood calcium levels, and would we increase or decrease technique for this pathology?
multiple myeloma- decrease technique
a zygote is ________mature, while a neonate is ______ mature?
1. least mature
2. most mature.
radiographic contrast is the product of what?
subject contrast and image receptor contrast
wide width= _____?
low contrast
subject contrast is how the beam interacts with _______?
a certain body part
what is he softening of bones, typically caused by severe vitamin D deficiency, which leads to impaired bone mineralization, and would we increase or decrease technique for this pathology?
osteomalacia- decrease technique
what is the anode heel effect?
variation in beam intensity, with an increase in beam intensity on the cathode end of the beam, and decreased intensity on the anode end of the beam.
what is subject contrast?
variations in absorbing ability of objects within part of interest
High contrast is desired for what type of exams?
extremity exams
what is umbra in a radiographic image?
the area of image sharpness (dead center)
what is a "silent" disease characterized by weak, brittle bones (low bone density) that break easily, often with no symptoms until a fracture occurs, and would we increase or decrease technique for this pathology?
osteoporosis- decrease technique
the anode heel effect is most prominent when attempting to produce images that require ________?
1. long field size
2. long SID
3. imaging body parts with varying thickness.
what is image receptor contrast?
ability of IR to respond to variations in exposure, resulting in variations in RE.
low contrast is desired for what type of exams?
chest exams
what is blur or penumbra in a radiographic image?
area of un-sharpness surrounding the image.
what is a rare genetic disorder characterized by excessively dense, brittle bones caused by defective bone resorption by osteoclasts, and would we increase or decrease technique for this pathology?
osteopetrosis- increase technique.
how can the anode heel effect be compensated for?
1. place thicker anatomy towards cathode end
2. use wedge filters
what is exposure latitude?
range of exposure factors that will produce a radiograph of diagnostic quality.
what is the primary controlling factor of subject contrast?
kVp
what is another name for penumbra?
geometric unsharpness
what is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually caused by liver cirrhosis (80% of cases), leading to severe belly swelling, weight gain, and pain, and would we increase or decrease technique for this pathology?
ascites- increase technique
When imaging extremities, what joint should be placed toward the cathode end?
the proximal joint, due to it being thicker.
Narrow width= _______?
High contrast
as kVp increases, contrast will _______?
decrease
what causes penumbra in an image?
beam divergence and large focal spot size