PC
What would be an example of the use of a negative contrast agent?
room air introduced into the colon as a part of a double contrast enema.
How do you reduce the viscosity of a contrast media?
heat the contrast media to body temp.
What are the characteristics of Gastrografin contrast media?
water-soluble, iodine based positive contrast.
What is the best test to measure kidney function and determine the stage of kidney disease?
Estimated glomuler filtration rate (eGFR)
COMPLICATIONS AND REACTIONS: LOCAL EFFECTS.
what are the symptoms of extravasation?
1. pain
2. swelling
3. redness
What is the purpose of Positive Contrast Agents?
1. Increases the attenuation ability of the structures containing the positive contrast.
2. This results in a decrease in radiographic density of the image of the parts filled with the positive contrast agent.
When must a radiographer not use Barium Sulfate as a form of contrast media?
in cases of a suspected perforated bowel.
Special considerations or factors that would alter the type and volume of contrast media used on an individual patient would be?
1. patient condition (perforated bowel)
2. age
3. weight
4. patient on medication
5. use of contrast agents can be hazardous on children/elderly.
6. patient with impaired renal or liver function, because they are at increased risk of disease.
How is an estimated glomuler filtration rate (eGFR) calculated?
calculated from results of creatinine test, body size, age, and gender.
COMPLICATIONS AND REACTIONS: LOCAL EFFECTS.
How should a radiographer approach treating a case of extravasation?
1. remove the needle
2. apply warm compress, elevate the affected extremity.
Positive contrast agents typically rely on their ability to __________?
Increase the specific gravity of the objects they fill, so as to alter beam attenuation.
Kilovoltage used for an exam that utilizes barium is typically above _____, for double contrast studies in order to ensure penetration through the contrast?
90
What is a normal Creatinine value?
0.7-1.3 mg/dL
COMPLICATIONS AND REACTIONS: LOCAL EFFECTS.
When fluid infuses the tissue surrounding the venipuncture site, this is termed____?
Infiltration.
COMPLICATIONS AND REACTIONS: LOCAL EFFECTS.
immediate attention is needed to prevent tissue necrosis if the extravasation involves a ______?
1. a corrosive drug.
Define Osmolarity.
Related to the concentration of an osmotic solution and has a relationship to the patient risk of reaction.
Single contrast studies use ______-_______kVp?
100-125 kVp
What is a normal Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) value?
8-25 mg/dL
COMPLICATIONS AND REACTIONS: LOCAL EFFECTS.
Accidental infiltration of a vesicant (contrast media) into the interstitial tissue at the site of injection, is termed_______?
extravasation.
COMPLICATIONS AND REACTIONS: LOCAL EFFECTS.
When a corrosive drug is involved during a case of extravasation, what type of compress should the radiographer apply?
Apply a cold compress to the injection site.
Define viscosity.
related to the thickness of a contrast media.
When should a radiographer use Gastrografin as a contrast medica?
in cases where a perforated bowl may exist.
what is a normal Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
90-120 mL/min/1.73m2
COMPLICATIONS AND REACTIONS: LOCAL EFFECTS.
A vesicant is a drug capable of causing_______?
Tissue necrosis.
COMPLICATIONS AND REACTIONS: systemic effects.
What is:
a general term used to describe a failure of circulation in which blood pressure is inadequate to support oxygen perfusion of vital tissues and is unable to remove the by-products of metabolism.
Shock.