saftey
where are electrons located?
1. discreetly organized in orbital shells outside the nucleus.
Which of the following has a greater binding energy, tungsten or hydrogen?
Tungsten (Z=74).
what is Ionization?
occurs when an energy source has enough energy to remove an electron from an orbital shell.
what determines the energy of a bremsstrahlung photon?
the amount of energy lost by the projectile electron
What occurs after an inner shell electron (K-Shell) is ejected?
an outer-shell electron fills the vacancy.
do electrons have significant mass?
no, they contain virtually no mass
What are Valence Electrons?
the number of electrons in the outermost orbital shell.
what happens to an atom after ionization?
it becomes electrically charged (positive charge).
how does direction change affect bremsstrahlung photon energy?
the greater the direction change, the greater energy loss, and bremsstrahlung x-ray photon will possess more energy.
From which shells can the replacement electron come from?
L, M, N, O, or P shells of the tungsten atom.
What are the names of the electron shells?
1. K-shell
2. L-shell
3. M-shell
4. N-shell
5. O-shell
6. P-shell
What formula determines the maximum number of electrons in a shell?
2n2
what is bremsstrahlung radiation?
2. produced when a projectile (high-speed) electron interacts with the electrostatic charge of the target (tungsten) nucleus.
what two target interactions occur in the X-ray tube?
1. Bremsstrahlung radiation
2. Characteristic Radiation
What results from filling a K-shell vacancy?
Emission of a characteristic x-ray photon.
Electron binding energy
What is the maximum number of valence electrons?
8
what are the three processes a projectile electron undergoes in bremsstrauhlung radiation?
1. slows down (braking)
2. changes direction
3. loses some of its energy
where does Bremsstrahlung radiation take place?
In the nucleus of the tungsten target
How is the energy of a characteristic x-ray determined?
1. The difference between the binding energies of the shell's involved.
2. Example: K-L, K=69.5 keV, L=12 keV, gives you 57.5 keV.
How does atomic number of an atom affect electron binding energy?
higher atomic number=stronger binding energy.
What is the binding energies of K-O Shell?
1. K-shell= 69.5 keV
2. L-shell= 12 keV
3. M-shell= 3keV
4. N-shell= 1 keV
5. O-P shell= less than 1 keV
What results from the three-step process in bremsstrahlung radiation?
emission of a bremmstrahlung x-ray photon.
What is Characteristic Radiation?
a projectile (high-speed) electron interacts with a tungsten target atom, by ejecting an inner shell electron and ionizing the atom.
When producing K-characteristic radiation, you must have a tube potential of _______?
69.5-70 keV