Called the “Sun King,” he was known for his success at strengthening the institutions of the French absolutist state.
Who is Louis XIV?
100
British philosopher and scientist who pioneered the scientific method and inductive reasoning.
Who is Francis Bacon?
100
Ascended to the throne in 1837 and became one of the country’s most successful monarchs, in no small measure because she embodied the traits important to the middle class.
Who is Queen Victoria?
100
Austrian composer, famous at a young age as a concert musician and later celebrated as a prolific composer, who is seen as the apogee of the Classical style of music.
Who is Wolfgang A. Mozart?
100
A British Whig politician who sympathized with the American Revolution but deemed the French Revolution a monstrous crime against the social order.
Who is Edmund Burke?
200
British monarch deposed in the Glorious Revolution.
Who is James II?
200
French philosopher and mathematician who emphasized the use of deductive reasoning.
Who is Rene Descartes?
200
English novelist, whose "Pride and Prejudice" remains one of the best examples of the examination of emotion and inner feeling in an eighteenth-century, domestic, middle-class setting.
Who is Jane Austen?
200
A deeply pious German church composer who wrote music of exquisite intensity through the middle of the eighteenth century.
Who is Johann Sebastian Bach?
200
German philosopher whose ideas about the dialectical imperative greatly influenced the historical materialism of Karl Marx.
Who is G.W.F. Hegel?
300
Elected president of the French Second Republic in 1848, he made himself emperor of France in 1852.
Who is Napoleon III?
300
Dutch Cartesian who applied geometry to ethics and believed he had proved that the universe was composed of a single substance that was both God and nature.
Who is Baruch Spinoza?
300
French novelist who scandalized society by dressing like a man, smoking cigars, and writing about independent women who thwarted convention and unhappy marriages.
Who is George Sand?
300
German born and Italian trained this composer made his mark in London writing oratorios in English.
Who is George Frederic Handel?
300
English poet who celebrated Newton and the scientific advances of the eighteenth century.
Who is Alexander Pope?
400
Formidable Austrian ruler who fought to maintain Austria’s dominance in central Europe from 1740 to 1780.
Who is Maria Theresa?
400
English physician who determined how blood circulated in the human body.
Who is William Harvey?
400
German astronomer who discovered a comet and prepared calendars for the Berlin Academy of Sciences but was not allowed to join the society since she was a woman.
Who is Maria Winkelmann?
400
Well-patronized Austrian Classical composer who wrote over a hundred symphonies and reaped the rewards of his musical genius in London in the last decades of his life.
Who is Joseph Haydn?
400
Nineteenth-century French Utopian socialist who advocated producer cooperatives and working-class credit unions.
Who is Pierre-Joseph Proudhon?
500
Unimaginative Prussian monarch who ruled from 1713 to 1740 and more than doubled his nation’s army but never used it in battle.
Who is Frederick William I?
500
English chemist who contributed a scientific law named after himself which states that at constant temperature the volume of a gas decreases in proportion to the pressure applied to it.
Who is Robert Boyle?
500
French Romantic writer and literary critic who fled Revolutionary France for Germany where she helped popularize the emotional aspects of German Romanticism for her French readers.
Who is Germane de Staël?
500
Seventeenth-century Italian Baroque composer whose operatic form became very popular in the eighteenth century.
Who is Claudio Monteverdi?
500
Liberal British philosopher who proposed a utilitarian approach to the social order that would produce the "greatest happiness of the greatest number."