Devised and implemented the tetrarchy (rule of four) for the Roman Empire in the late third century.
Who is Diocletian?
100
Christian religious leader who emphasized the universality of his faith and provided precise doctrinal teaching and an efficiently structured organization.
Who is Paul of Tarsus?
100
Wife of Henry II of England who was fiercely independent and a patron of troubadour poets in eleventh-century France.
Who is Eleanor of Aquitaine?
100
Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 786 to 809 whose life is celebrated in Arabian Nights.
What is Harun al-Rashid?
100
Florentine poet who wrote of heaven and hell in Italian and in so doing fused both the classical and Christian cultures, and the Latin and vernacular traditions.
Who is Dante Alighieri?
200
Elected to the consulship for the first time in 107 B.C.E., he expanded the potential pool of soldiers by abolishing the property-owning requirement.
Who is Marius?
200
One of the most powerful popes in medieval he called for a crusade against the Cathars in southern France in the early thirteenth century.
Who is Innocent III?
200
Astute and determined Roman empress who helped her husband reassert Roman control over Italy and parts of North Africa.
Who is Theodora?
200
Muhammad’s son-in-law whose followers declared him caliph in 656 but was murdered five years later by the supporters of the powerful Umayyad family.
Who is Ali?
200
Often considered to be the father of scholasticism, he constructed the ontological proof for the existence of God.
Who is Anselm?
300
A Roman tribune elected in 133 B.C.E. who pressured the Roman Senate to limit land holdings to 300 acres per citizen, but was murdered for his trouble.
Who is Tiberius Gracchus?
300
Alexandrian bishop who supported the idea, later determined to be heretical, that Jesus was part of God's creation, and shared the divine essence, but was not coeternal with God.
Who is Arius?
300
A virtuous Roman wife who committed suicide rather than live with the dishonor of being raped by an Etruscan prince.
Who is Lucretia?
300
Egyptian sultan who recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187.
Who is Salah ad-Din (Saladin)?
300
Muslim poet whose Rubaiyat celebrates life with lush sensuality.
Who is Umar Khayyam?
400
Roman Emperor known for his important codification of Roman law in the “Corpus Juris Civilis.”
Who is Justinian?
400
This Christian religious leader emphasized the theological concepts of human sinfulness and God's omnipotence (all-powerfulness).
Who is Augustine of Hippo?
400
Muhammad’s daughter, from whom the Shi’ites trace the proper line of caliphs.
Who is Fatimah?
400
Muhammad’s father-in-law and first caliph, or deputy, of the Muslim community in the aftermath of the Prophet’s death.
Who is Abu-Bakr?
400
Author of "Parzival," the story of the search for the Holy Grail.
Who is Wolfram von Eschenbach?
500
The greatest Roman Stoic believed that virtue leads to happiness, and peace of mind is the highest goal.
Who is Cicero?
500
Pope from 590-604 this bishop of Rome greatly expanded the power of the Church in western Europe and emphasized the sacrament of penance.
Who is Gregory I?
500
Student of and later love interest of Peter Abelard of the University of Paris.
Who is Heloise?
500
Córdoba scholar whose insightful comments on Aristotle’s works informed much of medieval Christian scholasticism.
Who is Averroës (Ibn Rushd)?
500
Medieval German nun who was the first known female playwright.