British writer who paid tribute to the ancient Celtic and Scandinavian mythologies with his fictional stories of Middle Earth.
Who is J.R.R. Tolkien?
100
Austrian physician who developed the discipline of psychoanalysis in an effort to better understand the irrational impulses of the subconscious mind.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
100
French-educated Vietnamese communist leader who pushed for reunification of his country until is death in 1969.
Who is Ho Chi Minh?
100
American author of "The Feminine Mystique," who contrasted women’s rising expectations in the post-war world with their lowered possibilities.
Who is Betty Friedan?
100
Indian nationalist who argued that peaceful nonviolent civil disobedience was the best way to create a healthy post-colonial independent India.
Who is Mohandas Gandhi?
200
Late 19th century French artist who shattered the concept of representational art and instead made painting a self-expression.
Who is Paul Cézanne?
200
German philosopher who categorically denied the possibility of knowing truth or reality, since all knowledge comes filtered through linguistic, scientific, or artistic systems of representation.
Who is Friedrich Nietzsche?
200
Highly influential African American black nationalist who discarded his “white” surname Little.
Who is Malcolm X?
200
French suffragists who wrote an indictment of the French colonial administration’s indifference to women in the 1900 publication, "Arab Women of Algeria."
Who is Hubertine Auclert?
200
First black president of South Africa elected in 1994.
Who is Nelson Mandela?
300
Anglo-American poet who explored a peculiarly modern form of despair—life as a living death.
Who is T.S. Eliot?
300
French existentialist whose philosophical treatises asserted that “existence precedes essence” and that individuals gave their lives meaning by making choices and accepting responsibility.
Who is Jean-Paul Sartre?
300
Leading African-American intellectual who addressed the delegates at the Pan-African Conference in London in 1900 with the line, “The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line.”
Who is W.E.B. Du Bois?
300
Middle-class British woman with political connections who helped form the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies in 1897.
Who is Millicent Fawcett?
300
Czech playwright who became the first democratically elected president since before the Second World War.
Who is Vaclav Havel?
400
German functionalist architect who established the Bauhaus school resulting in the international style.
Who is Walter Gropius?
400
British economist who argued that capitalism could create a just and efficient society if governments played a part in its management.
Who is John Maynard Keynes?
400
French post-colonial writer from Martinique who claimed that violence was necessary to establish truly independent nations of people of color.
Who is Franz Fanon?
400
British author, whose "Testament to Youth," celebrated the revolutionary changes brought to women as a result of the First World War.
Who is Vera Brittain?
400
Russian Orthodox priest who led a peaceful protest to the tsar’s winter palace in St. Petersburg in January 1905 only to be met by gunfire from troops who killed 130 demonstrators.
Who is Father Gapon?
500
German expressionist film-maker who directed the science-fiction masterpiece "Metropolis."
Who is Fritz Lang?
500
French existentialist who asserted that “One is not born a woman, one becomes a woman.”
Who is Simone de Beauvoir?
500
Egyptian cleric who claimed that secular authoritarian Arab regimes were morally and culturally corrupt and needed to be replaced by conservative religious governments based on Islamic law and practice.
Who is Sayyid Qutb?
500
British women’s rights activist who opened a birth control clinic in London in 1921.
Who is Marie Stopes?
500
American clergyman anti-war activist during the Cold War era and beyond.