Presidents/VPs
He was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Before his presidency, he was a leader of the American Revolution that achieved independence
John Adams
made it a crime for American citizens to "print, utter, or publish... any false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about the government. The laws were directed against Democratic-Republicans, the party typically favored by new citizens.
An American journalist, printer and publisher. He founded the Philadelphia Aurora, a newspaper that supported Jeffersonian philosophy.
Benjamin Franklin Bache
During the American Revolution, he served in several capacities under General George Washington, among them quartermaster general (1780-85). He served as Indian commissioner (1790-95), postmaster general (1791-95), secretary of war (1795), and secretary of state (1795-1800). He was dismissed from office by President John Adams after a policy dispute.
Timothy Pickering
English explorer, naturalist and writer. He played an important role in exploring the interior of colonial North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, publicizing his expeditions in a book. He founded two settlements in North Carolina: Bath and New Bern, both located on rivers in the coastal plain
John Dawson
an American statesman, politician, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829. He previously served as the eighth United States secretary of state from 1817 to 1825.
John Q. Adams
a fraternal, hereditary society founded in 1783 to commemorate the American Revolutionary War that saw the creation of the United States. Membership is largely restricted to descendants of military officers who served in the Continental Army.
Society of the Cincinnati
a Boston, Massachusetts, newspaper established by Benjamin Russell. It continued its predecessor, the Massachusetts Centinel and the Republican Journal, which Russell and partner William Warden had first issued on March 24, 1784.
Columbian Centinel
the leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution (1787-99). He emancipated the enslaved people and negotiated for the French colony on Hispaniola, Saint-Domingue (later Haiti), to be governed, briefly, by formerly enslaved people as a French protectorate.
Toussaint Louvertoare
A Swiss-born philosopher, writer, and political theorist whose treatises and novels inspired the leaders of the French Revolution and the Romantic generation. He was the least academic of modern philosophers and in many ways was the most influential. His thought marked the end of the European Enlightenment (the "Age of Reason").
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
He was the fourth vice president of the United States (1805-12) in the administrations of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. He served in the last French and Indian War (1756-63) and was a member of the New York Assembly (1768-75) and the Continental Congress. In the summer of 1776, before he could sign the Declaration of Independence, he was ordered by General George Washington to New York City. In March 1777 he was appointed brigadier general. Immensely popular with the people of New York, he was elected governor in 1777.
George Clinton
the executive committee of the Democratic Party in New York City historically exercising political control through the typical "boss-ist" blend of charity and patronage. Its name was derived from that of an association that predated the American Revolution and had been named after a wise and benevolent chief of the Delaware people.
Tammany Society
well known in his lifetime as a political writer and newspaper editor, is remembered today chiefly for his series of newspaper articles alleging that Thomas Jefferson had children with Sally Hemings
James Thomson Callender
English sailor and colonist who was instrumental to the establishment of various settlements in colonial America and is considered to be the 'Founder of New Hampshire'. Although he never set foot in New England, he was appointed first vice-admiral of New England in 1635. He was best known for leading a group of Puritan settlers and Indian allies on a combined attack on a Pequot Fort in an event known as the Mystic Massacre.
John Mason
French writer. Of a noble family, he joined the army at an early age and was wounded several times. He later played a leading part in the Fronde but gradually won his way back into royal favour. He turned his energies to intellectual pursuits and became the leading exponent of the maxime, a French form of epigram that concisely expresses a harsh or paradoxical truth. Maximes (five eds., 1665-78), his principal achievement, consists of 500 reflections on human behaviour.
Duc de La Rochefoucauld
an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence.
thomas Jefferson
It was the chief political assembly, responsible for electing many of the other political offices and the senior councils that ran the Republic, passing laws, and exercising judicial oversight. Following the lockout (Serrata) of 1297, its membership was established on hereditary right, exclusive to the patrician families enrolled in the Golden Book of ...
Venetian Council
It began as a tri-weekly newspaper in the new city of Washington, D.C., on October 31, 1800. It claimed to be the "first Paper printed in Washington" and is remembered for its extensive coverage of the congressional debates during the early years of the republic.
The National Intelligencer
American politician who served as the first governor of Michigan from 1835 to 1840.[1][2] Coming to political prominence at an early age, he was appointed his territory's acting territorial secretary by Andrew Jackson at age 19, becoming the acting territorial governor soon thereafter in 1834 at age 22. As territorial governor, he was instrumental in guiding Michigan to statehood, which was secured in 1837. A member of the Democratic Party, he was elected as Michigan's first state governor in 1835, where he served until 1840. Elected at 23 and taking office at 24, he was and remains the youngest state governor in American history.
Stevens Thomason Mason
François-Marie Arouet, known by this, was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher, satirist, and historian. Famous for his wit and his criticism of Christianity and of slavery, he was an advocate of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state.
Voltaire
The fifth President of the United States (1817-1825) and the last President from the Founding Fathers. He joined the anti-Federalists in the Virginia Convention which ratified the Constitution, and in 1790, an advocate of Jeffersonian policies, was elected United States Senator. As Minister to France in 1794-1796, he displayed strong sympathies for the French cause; later, with Robert R. Livingston, he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase.
James Monroe
opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters. Historically it has mainly been opposed to the influence of Roman Catholicism. It is related to secularism, which seeks to separate the church from public and political life.
Anticlericalism
It was South Carolina's first successful newspaper. The paper began in 1732 under Thomas Whitmarsh in Charlestown, but within two years Whitmarsh died of yellow fever.
U.S. Senator and leading high Federalist supporter of the Alien & Sedition Acts who hated France. Drafted and presented a bill to the Senate that would have created a 13 member "Grand Committee" to rule on the qualifications of presidential electors.
James Ross
was one of the most widely read English poets of his day, whose most characteristic work, as in The Task or the melodious short lyric "The Poplar Trees," brought a new directness to 18th-century nature poetry.
William Cooper (Cowper)