Research Methods
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more variables to observe the effect on a dependent variable while controlling other factors to establish cause-and-effect relationship
Experiment
The variable that is deliberately manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on the dependent variable
Independent variable
The average of a set of numerical values, calculated by adding all the numbers together and dividing by the total number of values
Mean
Because this can causes distress, damage trust in researchers, and can lead to biased results, psychologists should not include _________ in their studies
Deception
An in-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event to explore unique or rare phenomena that may not be easily studied through other research methods
Case Study
The variable that is measured in an experiment; it is expected to change as a result of manipulations to the independent variable.
Dependent variable
The middle value in a data set when the numbers are arranged in ascending or descending order
Median
If deception is used, psychologists should _________ subjects as soon as possible
Debrief
A research method in which behavior is observed and recorded in its natural environment without interference or manipulation by the researcher.
Naturalistic Observation
A precise, measurable description of how a variable will be defined and measured in a study.
Operational definition
The value that appears most frequently in a data set
Mode
Subjects must give their permission to be a part of a study - what ethical principle is this?
Informed consent
A research method that examines the relationship between two or more variables to determine if a connection exists, but does not establish causation
Correlational Study
A study is done on the average happiness of students in an AP Psych class. Researchers record how many times students smile in an hour. What is the operational definition of happiness in this study?
how many times students smile in an hour
A measure of how spread out the values in a data set are
Standard deviation
The Stanford Prison experiment traumatized its subjects, so it violated what ethical principle?
Protection from harm
A statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies on the same topic to draw broader conclusions and identify overall trends
Meta-analysis
A study is done on the stress placed on students during a pop quiz. As students took the quiz, researchers recorded how many tears students shed, with 5 tears being moderately stressed, and 12 tears being definitely stressed. What is the operational definition for definitely stressed?
12 tears
A relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other, or a decrease in one is associated with a decrease in the other
Positive correlation
What is informed assent?
When a parent or legal guardian gives their permission for a minor to be included in a study