Kidney Disease
What is end stage renal disease (ESRD)?
the inability for kidneys to function completely or almost completely
Name the 2 types of dialysis used in treatment of kidney diseases
Peritoneal Dialysis & Haemodialysis
Name the group of proteins/antigens located on leukocyte cell surfaces
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
What is a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that indicates normal kidney function?
Normal GFR: 90 – 120 mLs/min, or 144L/day
What is a fistula in haemodialysis?
Communication between an artery & vein that creates a larger vessel
Name the type of organ donation occurs when life support is withdrawn and the heart stops before organ retrieval.
Donation after Cardiac Death (DCD)
List 2 causes for stage 5/ end stage kidney diseases
-Diabetes mellitus
-Glomerulonephritis
-Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
-Hypertension
-Analgesic disease
List two complications of peritoneal dialysis
Infections like peritonitis
Glucose load – diabetes management
Catheter can become blocked
Which class of MHC appears in nucleated somatic cells and recognised by CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphoctyes
MHC Class 1
What is the bacteria most commonly responsible for urinary track infection (UTI)?
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
At what age does the effect of kidney transplants over dialysis on survival rate become less apparent?
> 65 years old
Name two drug classes which inhibit T-cell signalling
Calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus) and mTOR inhibitors (everolimus)
What would be found in a urine sample of a patient with glomerular disease such as glomerulonephritis?
heavy proteinuria (excess protein in urine)
Explain the two main mechanisms behind peritoneal dialysis
Diffusion across peritoneal membrane, which is selectively permeable for dialysis of unwanted solutes
Ultrafiltration through osmosis, using a hypertonic dialysate solution
What occurs immediately (minutes) after graft revascularisation, and caused by the presence of high titires pre-formed DSA/ABOi
Hyperacute Rejection