Renal Anatomy & Physiology
This hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates red blood cell production.
What is erythropoietin?
This lab value rises when kidney function declines and reflects nitrogenous waste.
What is BUN?
This bacterium is the most common cause of UTIs.
What is E. coli?
This non‑cancerous enlargement of the prostate can obstruct urine flow.
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
These accumulations of minerals and salts can cause severe flank pain and hematuria.
What are kidney stones (renal calculi)?
This structure of the nephron contains the glomerulus and begins the filtration process.
What is Bowman’s capsule?
This lab is the most specific indicator of kidney function.
What is serum creatinine?
This age group of females has the highest incidence of UTIs.
Who are females ages 16–35?
These medications relax smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck to improve urine flow.
What are alpha‑blockers?
This lifestyle factor is one of the biggest contributors to stone formation.
What is inadequate hydration?
This is the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min/1.73 m².
What is 90–120?
This imaging test is used to diagnose renal calculi without contrast.
What is a non‑contrast CT scan?
Painful urination, frequency, and urgency are hallmark symptoms of this urinary condition.
What is a UTI?
This condition presents with bladder fullness after voiding, urgency, and painful urination.
What is urinary retention?
This procedure uses shockwaves to break up kidney stones.
What is ESWL (extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy)?
These two arterioles regulate intraglomerular pressure.
What are the afferent and efferent arterioles?
This urine test can detect protein, blood, leukocyte esterase, and nitrites, helping identify infections or kidney damage.
What is a urinalysis?
This is the most common type of incontinence in females over age 30.
What is stress incontinence?
This genetic disorder causes fluid‑filled cysts to develop in the kidneys.
What is polycystic kidney disease?
This type of AKI is caused by inadequate blood flow to the kidneys.
What is prerenal AKI?
This kidney hormone helps regulate blood pressure through the RAAS system.
What is renin?
This 24‑hour test measures how much protein is lost in the urine and helps assess kidney filtration integrity.
What is a 24‑hour urine collection?
This type of incontinence is most common in males over age 75.
What is urge incontinence?
This medication is given during dialysis to treat anemia.
What is epoetin (Epogen)?
An eGFR less than 15 indicates this stage of CKD.
What is Stage 5 CKD (kidney failure)?