Kidney
The Renal Cortex is the _____________ of the kidney.
The __________ is the vessel surrounding the descending and ascending limb.
Bonus: the above answer also prevents what from happening to the loop of Henle?
Outer layer/outer volume of kidney
Vasa Recta
BONUS: vasa recta is going to prevent equilibrium from being reached - 100 pts
What are the five parts of the basic model of Gas Exchange?
1. Ventilation with environment
2. Diffusion of gasses through respiratory surface
3. Circulation
4. Diffusion
5. Cellular Respiration
What is an open circulatory surface?
- Has a heart
- Blood called hemolymph
What does it mean for the heart to diastole? What does it mean for systole?
Diastole: relaxation
Systole: contraction
What are the three kinds of Nitrogenous waste? What organisms are going to excrete what and why?
- Ammonia: very toxic (but very soluble) -> excreted by fish because they're surrounded by so much water its easily dissolved
- Urea: middle toxicity (kind of soluble) ->mammals are going to excrete this
- Uric Acid: not very toxic (nonsoluble) -> birds are going to get rid of this
Where and what does the distal tubule do?
At end of loop and feeds into the collecting duct.
Explain how fish respiration works.
Bonus: What kind of exchange do fish use? Why do they do this? (What does this process prevent?)
- Water goes from mouth out of gills
- Flows through lamella, capillaries carrying blood
- Blood flows in opposite direction to get more O2 from water
BONUS: Counter current exchange and it prevents equilibrium from being reached. :) - 200 pts for both
What is a closed circulatory system?
- Blood NEVER in cavities. It is always in the heart or in vessels
- Separated pulmonary and systemic circuts
What contracts first, the Atria or Ventricles?
Bonus: What does the AV valve do? The Semilunar valves?
Atria pump then Ventricles contract
BONUS: AV: prevent backflow into atria
Semilunar Valves: prevent backflow into ventricles from primary arteries - 150 pts
Bonus: Salt glands do what? Where can these glands be found?
Chloride cells: marine and freshwater fish burn ATP to fuel these to osmoregulate -> marine fish do this to get rid of ions/salt while freshwater fish use these to pull ions/solutes into their bodies
BONUS: Salt Glands: help to remove salt from the blood stream and they're going to be found in terrestrial animals (mostly) that live by the ocean - 100 pts
The vasa recta is going in which direction? What is the point of this direction?
Its going to go opposite the loop of Henle's direction. It works in the counter-current exchange system to better pick up materials that are leaving the loop of Henle.
Break down how insects respire.
Bonus: What is the benefit to insect systems?
- Trachial system take in air and tracheoles (tubules coming off trachial system) deliver O2 to cells directly
BONUS: Insect trachial systems are less dependent on subsequent circulation of fluids containing oxygen compared to vertebrates. - 100 pts
What kind of circulatory system do Fish have? Explain what aspects are a part of this. (Where does blood go? Why does it go here? How is it moving?)
Bonus: How many chambers does a fish's heart have?
Single Circulatory System (in fish): blood in gills to heart and then back to gills - its going to go through the heart once for each cycle.
BONUS: 1 chamber - 100 pts :(
Break down the build (tissues, muscle, etc. ) that can be found in the veins and their purposes.
Bonus: What portion of the vein do arteries not need? Why?
Tough Connective Tissue: provides mechanical (elastic)
Smooth Muscle: thinner/more flexible in veins (less smooth muscle) more in arteries because they have more blood - helps with pumping/contracting
Valves: Only in veins; prevent blood from going back
BONUS: Arteries don't need valves because the pressure is so high that the blood has no opportunity to go backwards :) - 200 pts
What does the posterior pituitary do? What does the anterior pituitary do?
Bonus: What are neurosecretory cells?
Posterior Pituitary: neurosecretory cells from hypothalamus projects directly into posterior pituitary (an extension of the bottom of the brain) and doesn't produce its own hormones
- When stimulated, release hormones directly into blood vessels that come through posterior pituitary
- Posterior pituitary does not release its own hormones (even though there are hormones that appear to originate from the posterior pituitary)
Anterior Pituitary: different neurosecretory cells release "releasing factor" hormones into small blood vessels that go into anterior pituitary
- Release hormones into blood streams (makes own hormones and releases hormones to blood stream)
- Releasing factors then trigger release of hormones from anterior pituitary endocrine cells into blood vessels that travel into body.
- Anterior pituitary does produce its own hormones
BONUS: Neurosecretatory Cells: nerve tissues that release hormones. - 50 pts
What are the two hormones Brunkow wants you to know and their functions?
Bonus: Where are these hormones produced?
Aldosterone: recovers sodium from distal tubule
Antidiaretic Hormone: prevents you from peeing/urine becomes more concentrated
BONUS: Aldosterone - from adrenal gland
Antidiaretic Hormone - from posterior pituitary - 200 pts
Detail the pathway of Mammal Respiration.
Bonus: What kind of system do mammals possess? Tell me what kind of respiratory system we have.
Trachea -> bronchus -> bronchiole -> alveolus (alveoli)
BONUS: Negative pressure system: when relaxed diaphram moves up and when contracting diaphram moves down
- System allows for the atmosphere to just enter rather than muscles fighting to open
2 Way Respiratory system - 300 pts for both
What kind of circulatory system do amphibians have? Break down the system they have. (Where does the blood go? Where is it flowing? Why is it going to operate in this way?)
Bonus: How many chambers do Amphibian hearts have?
Double Circulatory System: (in amphibians) goes through heart twice, has pulmonary and systematic circuit.
- 1 ventricle and 2 Atrium, so some O2 blood mizes into the deO2 blood because there is no separation between the heart cavities.
BONUS: 3 chambered heart - 200 pts
Is blood a tissue? If so, what kind of tissue?
Breathing is controlled by what?
Bonus: What contracts for us to breathe? Is this working in positive or negative pressure?
Breathing is controlled by the pons and medula - so its not forgotten
BONUS: the diaphragm contracts for us to breathe. This is working in the negative pressure because we breathe, which is contraction, and then negative pressure is what helps us to exhale. - 100 pts
Draw out the entire loop of Henle. Include the solute potential, ascending and descending limb, which limb is permeable to ions and which to water, the thick and thin ascending and descending limb.
Bonus: How does the liquid in the loop of Henle move?
Picture in notes
BONUS: pressure from the heart (so pressure potential) is going to push the liquid in the loop of henle around. - 200 pts
What kind of system do birds have? Explain it.
Bonus: Draw it on the board for 500 extra points. (I want everything though, like what happens for each inhale and where the air goes)
Double Respiratory System: inhilation bypasses lungs and goes into air sacs, when exhaling the O2 goes into lungs
BONUS: in notes
Draw out the double circulatory system in mammals. Show how the pulmonary and systematic curciut are going to work within this system, the chambers of the heart, and where all of it is going to travel.
Bonus: Which is stronger, the atria or ventricle? Why?
Bonus pt. 2: Do the arteries take blood to or away from the heart? What about the veins?
Picture in notes
BONUS: Ventricle is stronger because it needs to pump blood everywhere so the muscle is going to be thicker. - 150 pts
BONUS Pt. 2: Arteries = away from heart
Vessels = to heart - 100 pts
Break down what can be found in blood. What can be found in these components of blood?
Plasma: has ions, blood cloting agents (plasma proteins), substances transported by blood - over half of blood is plasma
Red Blood Cells: eurithrocytes
- No nucleus
- Die after a few months
White Blood Cells: Basophils, Lymphocytes, Esinophils, Monocytes, Neurophils
- Nucleus
- Survive longer
How does your body know you're taking in too much CO2?
The pH of the blood. Your body can't detect the CO2, it instead detects the pH of your blood to better determine if you need more oxygen.