Benign Renal Masses
What benign renal mass has a stellate central scar and is often found in men in their 60s?
Oncocytoma
What is the primary form of renal cancer?
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
With Nutcracker syndrome, which vein is compressed between the SMA and the aorta?
Left renal vein
What is the most common solid malignant pediatric abdominal mass?
Nephroblastoma (AKA: Pediatric Wilms' Tumor)
(T or F) When imaging the ureters, the jets can be looked at to show patency
True
What is an Angiomyolipoma AKA?
Renal Hamartoma
What is a malignant tumor most often found in the renal pelvis/bladder?
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)
What is the most common cause of renal artery stenosis?
Atherosclerosis
What is the most common benign renal tumor in neonates and infants?
Mesoblastic Nephroma
What renal variant results from the incomplete fusion of the two embryonic components of the kidney that appears as a hypoechoic wedge-shaped structure on the anterior portion of the kidney?
Junctional Parenchymal Defect
What is a mass of blood vessels that may mimic RCC? (this is usually found in the 3rd or 4th decade of life)
Renal Hemangioma
What gender and how old are people typically who have transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)?
males who are 60 to 70 years old
What causes a renal vein thrombosis?
Renal tumor, trauma, renal infections, or can occur after renal transplant
What is the Urachus?
a tubular structure that extends from the umbilicus to the apex of the bladder
What are the four layers of the bladder listed from inner to outer
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa
What has clinical signs and symptoms of flank pain, general abdominal pain, a decreased hematocrit and at times hematuria?
Trauma (blunt trauma, surgical intervention, lithotripsy).
Explain the 4 stages of RCC
Stage 1: tumor confined to the kidney and is small
Stage 2: larger tumor, distorts the normal architecture of the kidney
Stage 3: tumor invades the adjacent vasculature
Stage 4: Typically involves distant metastasis
What kind of waveform can be seen downstream from a stenosis
Tardus-Parvus Spectral Waveform
What are increased risk of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract associated with?
presence of outer ear abnormalities and a single umbilical artery
What is an outpouching in the bladder wall that is associated with urethral obstruction (it may also be congenital)?
Bladder Diverticulum
How does a renal hematoma vary (what categories can it be placed into)?
Acute: anechoic
Clotting: hyperechoic, variable
Chronic: calcifications
Name the risk factors for RCC?
Smoking, hypertension, obesity, tuberous sclerosis, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, acquired renal cyst with dialysis
What does the renal:aortal ratio have to be above to be considered a stenosis?
3:5
What may be associated with a neurogenic bladder?
Spinal and lower extremitiy abnormalities
What is it called when the kidneys fuse in the pelvis, and one kidney ascends to the normal position, carrying the other one with it across the midline?
Crossed Fused Renal Ectopia