Motivation
Drives: Physiological & Psychological (push/motive)
What is Internal Motivation
Psychological drive emerges from physiological need.
Ex. Thirstier rats run a T-Maze faster for water.
What is Hull’s drive theory
activated when a novel item is in environment
What is Curiosity Drive
Need to Achieve Success
What is Achievement
subjective feelings that accompany incentive contrasts. Positive contrast are pleasant, negative contrast are unpleasant.
What is Law of Hedonic Contrast
Incentives and goals (pulls from environment)
What is External Motivation
five categories of human needs dictate an individual's behavior: physiological, safety, belonging , esteem, self-actualization
What is Maslow's Theory of Needs
unvarying stimulus conditions; seek new stimulation
What is Boredom Drive
need for authority over others, to be noticed, have high status type of job often related to this need
What is Power
“Final choices of alternative means-routes will always tend to occur in the direction of a minimum expenditure of physical energy.”
What is Tolman - Principle of Least Effort
freely chosen, inherent in the activity being performed. There is no external coercion as there is in extrinsic motivation
What is External Intrinsic Motivation
Motive to achieve success and Motive to avoid failure combine to determine tendency to attempt a task.
What is Achievement Motivation Theory
satisfaction obtained from achieving a goal.
What is Achievement Valence
intimacy/belonging Need for affiliation: desire to initiate, maintain + restore positive relationships
What is Relatedness
will work if deprived of reinforcer
Rats: lever press for food
Humans: time to earn money
What is Law of scarcity
Push into action to comfort, protect body
What is Physiological Need
a high probability response can reinforce a low probability response, but a low probability response cannot reinforce a high probability response.
What is Probability -differential hypothesis
process by which a person becomes set to achieve a goal. It includes factors such as: persistence, determination, effort & time expenditure in pursuit of the goal.
What is Goal Commitment
Cause your own actions
What is Autonomy
what you are willing to pay.
Ex. Gas - higher prices buy less, lower prices buy more
What is Demand Law
If hungry food in environment pull you towards it.
If music too loud and hurting ears you turn it down
What are examples of Physiological Needs
adding extrinsic motivation to an intrinsically motivated behavior decreases intrinsic interest because the perceived reason for performing the behavior has changed. However, it does increase performance.
What Cognitive evaluation theory
manner in which a goal is perceived. Is it the opportunity for making a gain? Or avoiding a loss?
What is Framing
effective in your actions
What is Competence
1.Freq. used words have more meanings than infrequently used words.
2. Longer words are used less frequently than shorter words. Ex. Fridge instead of refrigerator
What is Zipf’s Principle of Least Effort