UNIT 1: Kinesiology Research & EBP
1. What type of research should you look for first when making an Evidence-based decision?
Answer:
1. High-quality, Peer-reviewed, Primary research
Bonus:
1. What are the characteristics of a high-quality source? What makes a source low-quality?
1. Define the FITT-VP Principle.
Answer:
1. Frequency: how many times per week
Intensity: how difficult (%1 RM, % VO2 max, etc.)
Type: what kind of exercise
Time: duration of each exercise session
Volume: total amount (e.g. mileage)
Progression: plan and schedule of making one or more of the above more challenging (typically variation, instead of only increases)
Bonus:
1. Create a training regimen based on FITT-VP.
1. How are Sport, Exercise, and Health Psychology different?
Answer:
1a. Sport psychology studies the impact of the mind on performance.
1b. Exercise psychology studies the impact of exercise on mental health.
1c. Health psychology studies behavior change constructs and theory to promote healthy behaviors.
Bonus:
1. Explain the relationship between intensity and performance based on the Inverted "U" Hypothesis.
1. Define the three areas of study of Motor Behavior.
2. Define Product and Process approach. Which is quantitative and which is qualitative?
Answer:
1a. Motor Control - The study of the neural mechanisms and processes by which movements are learned and controlled.
1b. Motor Development - The study of the origins and changes in movement behavior throughout the lifespan.
1c. Motor Learning - The study of the acquisition of skills as a consequence of practice.
2a. Product - Tends to focus on the end result or outcome of the task; quantitative (Ex: Reaction time decreased by 0.5 seconds)
2b. Process - Emphasizes the form and function of the movement itself; qualitative (Ex: The subject started taking shorter and slower steps after being blindfolded)
Bonus:
1. Create an example research question for each of the areas of study of Motor Behavior.
1. Define Kinetics and Kinematics, and give an example of a related question.
2. Define and give an example of Linear and Angular motion.
Answer:
1a. Kinetics - the study of the forces that cause motion. (Ex: How much torque does the pitcher produce at the shoulder joint?)
1b. Kinematics - the study of motion without regard to the forces causing motion; focuses on spatial and temporal characteristics (Ex: How fast can the swimmer swim 50 meters?)
2a. Linear (translation) - all points on the body or body part move the same distance, in the same direction, at the same amount of time. (Ex: Skating in the straight line)
2b. Angular (rotation) - all points on the body or body part rotate about an axis through the same angle, in the same direction, in the same amount of time. (Ex: doing straight leg lifts; the legs rotate around the hip joint)
Bonus:
1. Give examples of Scalar and Vector quantities.
1. What are the two factors considered by Evidence-Based Practice?
Answer:
1a. Does the treatment work?
1b. Does the treatment cause harm?
Bonus:
1. What are the consequences of not utilizing EBP?
1. Name and define the 5 Health-Related Components of Fitness.
2. Name and define the 6 Skill-Related Components of Fitness.
Answer:
1a. Cardiorespiratory endurance: The ability of the circulatory and respiratory system to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity.
1b. Body composition: The relative amounts of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital parts of the body.
1c. Muscular strength: The ability of muscle to exert force.
1d. Muscular endurance: The ability of muscle to continue to perform without fatigue.
1e. Flexibility: The range of motion available at a joint.
2a. Agility: The ability to change the position of the body in space with speed and accuracy.
2b. Coordination: The ability to use the senses, such as sight and hearing, together with body parts in performing tasks smoothly and accurately.
2c. Balance: The maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or moving.
2d. Power: The ability or rate at which one can perform work.
2e. Reaction time: The time elapsed between stimulation and the beginning of the reaction to it.
2f. Speed: The ability to perform a movement within a short period of time.
1. Maria practices her serves for an extra hour after volleyball practice. She does this solely because she loves volleyball and has fun practicing serving. Based on Self Determination Theory, what type of motivation does Maria have, and is she more or less likely to stay motivated?
2. Based on Achievement Goal Theory, which goal orientation is associated with intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? Which one is more strongly associated with staying motivated?
3. Which motivational climate is best for each goal orientation? Which one is more strongly associated with staying motivated?
Answer:
1. Intrinsic; more likely to stay motivated.
2a. Task-orientation is associated with Intrinsic motivation; Ego-orientation is associated with Extrinsic Motivation.
2b. Intrinsic motivation and Task-orientation are more strongly associated with motivation.
3a. Both task and ego-oriented people do well in a Mastery climate; High ego-oriented people with high self-efficacy tend to do well in a Performance climate.
3b. Mastery climates are more strongly associated with maintaining motivation.
Bonus:
1. True or False: A person can be high task AND high ego-oriented.
1. A baby learning to lift its head before it learns how to sit up is best described by which Key Principle of Motor Development.
Answer:
1. Cephalo-caudal Principle - Development proceeds from the head downward
Bonus:
1. What are the other two Key Principles of Motor Development?
2. List and describe the Major Infantile Reflexes.
3. True or False: The absence or continuation of infantile reflexes past 6 months can indicate developmental disorders.
1. Describe Anatomical Position.
2. True or False: The elbow is proximal to the shoulder.
3. Give examples of movements that occur in each of the Planes of Movement.
Answer:
1. Standing erect with head, palms, and feet facing forward; feet and arms are slightly apart.
2. False; the elbow is DISTAL to the shoulder
3a. Frontal Plane (Ex: shoulder abduction)
3b. Sagittal Plane (Ex: hip flexion)
3c. Transverse Plane (Ex: rotation of the cervical spine)
Bonus:
1. What joint actions are possible at the shoulder?
2. What joint actions are possible at the shoulder girdle?
1. If the treatment also has the potential to cause a lot of harm and the patient is not in a life-threatening position, then the answer is probably...
Yes, use the treatment.
OR
No, do not use the treatment.
Answer:
1. NO.
Bonus:
1. If the treatment also has the potential to cause a lot of harm but the only other alternative for the patient is death, then the answer is probably...
2. If the treatment seems to cause no harm, then the answer is probably... (Example?)
1. Name the primary fuels of the three energy systems.
2. What are the two possible end products of glycolysis?
3. What are the differences between Type I and Type II muscle fibers?
Answer:
1a. ATP-PCr: Phosphocreatine
1b. Glycolysis: Glucose (CHO)
1c. Oxidative Phosphorylation: Fats
2. Pyruvate (mild to moderate intensity) and Lactate (high-intensity exercise)
3a. Type I - slow-twitch, fatigue resistant, aerobic, low power output
3b. Type II - fast-twitch, easily fatigued, anaerobic, high power output
Bonus:
1. Give an example of an activity where each energy system would be the dominant system.
2. Which energy system produces ATP at the fastest rate? Which energy system produces the most ATP?
3. True or False: Each energy system is always functioning, even at rest, but the relative contribution of each energy system varies at any given time.
1. Joey believes that he won the race because his number one rival caught a cold the day of the race. Based on Attribution Theory, Joey attributes his success to factors that are:
- internal/external
- controllable/uncontrollable
- stable/unstable
Answer:
1a. External - Joey attributes his success to another person's condition
1b. Uncontrollable - Joey cannot control whether or not his rival gets sick
1c. Unstable - Joey's rival is not always going to be sick on race days
Bonus:
1. Is he more or less likely to stay motivated?
2. People who are likely to stay motivated attribute their SUCCESS to factors that are...
3. People who are likely to stay motivated attribute their FAILUREs to factors that are...
1. Describe the Afferent and Efferent Divisions of the PNS.
2. Give examples of Exteroceptive and Interoceptive Input.
3. Describe the 3 general stages of the Information Processing Approach.
Answer:
1a. Afferent - brings nerve signals from the periphery to CNS (sensory).
1b. Efferent - brings nerve signals from CNS to the periphery (motor). Comprised of Somatic and Autonomic sub-divisions. The Autonomic nervous system includes the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions.
2a. Extroceptive: Vision, Audition
2b. Interoceptive (proprioceptive): Vestibular Apparatus, Cutaneous Receptors, Muscle Spindles, Golgi Tendon Organs
3a. Stimulus Identification (Perception) - recognize and identify the input; no attention required
3b. Response Selection (Decision) - deciding what, if any, response should be made; attention required depending on the complexity of the task and number of possible responses
3c. Response Programming (Action) - organizing the motor system to produce the desired movement; attention required
Bonus:
1. Give examples of the types of sensory input related to the Afferent Division (Somatic, Visceral, and Special Sensory Input).
2. Create an example for each stage of the Information Processive Approach.
1. Describe and provide an example of the three types of force.
2. List and define the forces that resist movement.
Answer:
1a. External - force applied by another object (Ex: wind resistance)
1b. Internal - force applied by one part of the body on another part of the body (Ex: muscle pulling on bone)
1c. Torque or Moment of Force - force applied in a circle or the turning effect of force (Ex: In a bicep curl, the bicep muscle force causes rotation of the arm about the elbow joint)
2a. Gravity (weight) - downward force due to gravity
2b. Inertia - a property of an object by which it resists change to its velocity unless acted upon by some external force.
2c. Friction - resistance to movement that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.
2d. Fluid Resistance (drag) - A force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid (or gas - as in air resistance).
- Ex: sprinting against the wind (air); swimming (water)
1. List the steps of the Scientific Method in order.
Answer:
1. Define the problem > Search the literature > Develop a hypothesis > Design and perform the experiment > Analyze the data > Interpret the data > Report the results.
Bonus:
1. Create a reductive question from this problem: Will resistance training reduce injury?
1. What is VO2 Max, what is it a measure of, and in what ways is VO2 Max assessed?
2. What is Anaerobic Power and how is it assessed?
3. What is Anaerobic Capacity and how is it assessed?
Answer:
1. VO2 Max: Maximal oxygen uptake; Aerobic fitness; Directly—using a metabolic cart and treadmill (most common) or cycle ergometer; Indirectly—administering a sub-max test (Ex: Measuring time to finish 1-mile run or walk, Measuring distance covered in 9 min.)
2. Anaerobic Power: The maximum or peak power that can be achieved in an all-out exercise test; Usually occurs within the first 2 to 3 seconds of the test
3. Anaerobic Capacity: The total amount of work that can be accomplished in a specified time (usually 30 to 60 sec); Wingate (most common), Vertical Jump, Sprints, Climbing Stairs
Bonus:
1. What is Body Composition and how is it assessed?
1. How does Exercise/PA affect Self Esteem? Does it have an effect on Global Self Esteem?
2. Describe how exercise can impact a person's perception of psychological stressors and their physiological response to stress.
3. What type/duration/intensity exercise is best for managing depression?
Answer:
1. Exercise/PA will impact Physical Self Esteem first. Research indicates little to no effect of exercise on Global SE. However, Global SE can be impacted if a person highly values Physical SE.
2. Less stress reactivity, faster stress recovery, may help with psychological coping and resilience
3. Combined training (aerobic and anaerobic), 3-4 days/week, longer duration program (i.e. 16+ weeks), moderate-intensity
Bonus:
1. Is exercise as effective as medication and psychotherapy for treating depression?
2. What exercise is recommended for state and trait anxiety?
3. What are some explanations for how exercise improves mood? (physiological and psychological)
1. Describe Motor Program Theory.
2. Describe the Dynamical Systems Theory.
3. Define and give an example of the constraints that can affect movement patterns.
Answer:
1. The brain is the executive controller. We have preprogrammed movements. Utilizes an open-loop or closed-loop control system.
2. There is no executive controller or preprogrammed movements. The body's neural and muscular system works together with the task and environment to produce movement. Mostly associated with the closed-loop control system.
3a. Organismic - refers to a person's characteristics (hand size, grip strength)
3b. Environmental - physical variables in nature (temperature, altitude)
3c. Task - specific to performance contexts (rules of activity, surfaces)
Bonus:
1. Explain the differences between Open and Closed-Loop Systems.
2. Explain Degrees of Freedom/Motor Equivalence? Which Motor Control Theory is it associated with?
3. When ice skating, is the icy surface an environmental or task constraint?
1. Define and give an example of Kinetic, Potential, and Strain Energy.
Answer:
1a. Kinetic Energy - the energy a body has due to its motion; There are two factors quantifying the amount of kinetic energy: velocity and mass (Ex: a runner in motion has kinetic energy)
1b. Potential Energy - the energy a body has by virtue of its height above the ground (Ex: a skater at the top of a ramp has potential energy)
1c. Strain Energy - a type of potential energy that is stored when an object is stretched out of shape (Ex: Its easier to jump from a squatting position than from straight knees)
1. A peer-reviewed journal article about a single study on the effects of strength training on women with arthritis is an example of a: high/low-quality, primary/secondary source?
Answer:
1. High-quality, Primary Source
Bonus:
Give an example of a:
1. High-quality, Secondary source
2. Low-quality, Primary source
3. Low-quality, Secondary source
1. What are the Major Adaptations and Results of Aerobic Training
2. What are the Major Adaptations and Results of Anaerobic Training?
Answer:
1a. Increased VO2max - Result: Faster times/greater distances covered
1b. Decreased resting and submaximal heart rate - Result: Heart does not work as hard and is more efficient
1c. Enhanced removal and use of lactic acid - Result: Delays fatigue
1d. Increased use of fat as a fuel - Result: Spares CHO & thus, delays fatigue
1e. Increased muscle glycogen storage - Result: Delays fatigue
2a. Increased PCr storage in muscle - Result: Delays fatigue
2b. Increased muscle glycogen storage - Result: Delays fatigue
2c. Increased tolerance of high lactic acid levels - Result: Delays fatigue
2d. Increased muscle fiber size (hypertrophy) - Result: Increased strength and power
2e. Improved muscle coordination - Result: Increased strength and power
1. Sam is prediabetic. He has started exercising inconsistently, but he plans to exercise daily for 30 minutes in the next 30 days. Based on the Transtheoretical Model, which of the stages of change is Sam in?
2. Sam believes that being inactive will increase his risk of developing type 2 diabetes because he is already prediabetic. Sam thinks that having type 2 diabetes will have a very negative impact on his life. He believes that daily exercise will decrease his risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Since Sam works from home, he can fit 30 minutes of exercise into his schedule. Based on the Health Belief Model, is Sam more or less likely to start exercising?
Answer:
1. Preparation - ready to change within the next 30 days
2. More likely to start exercising - HIGH susceptibility, HIGH severity, HIGH benefits, LOW barriers.
Bonus:
1. Explain the 5 Stages of Change in the Transtheoretical Model.
2. Based on the Health Belief Model, when is a person likely and unlikely to make lifestyle changes? (High/Low Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers)
1. What types of practice are associated with better performance and long term learning? (Massed vs. Distributed, Blocked vs. Random).
2. Describe the three Phases of Learning.
Answer:
1. Distributed; Random
2a. Verbal-cognitive: Task is completely new to the person. Learner is preoccupied with trying to understand task requirements, including the serial order of movements. Good verbal instruction and demonstration are important.
2b. Associative: Learner settles on a single approach to the task. Performance is more consistent. Learner spends majority of time fine-tuning the movement rather than switching from one pattern to another. Specific practice and adding more complexity to task is important.
2c. Autonomous: Movement can be controlled with little attention. Movements are performed consistently with great precision. There is no longer a need to constantly monitor feedback to ensure that movement is performed correctly.
Bonus:
1. Give examples of intrinsic and extrinsic feedback.
2. Define and give examples of Knowledge of Results and Knowledge of Performance.
1. Define and give an example of each type of Muscle Action.
2. Describe the Force-Velocity Relationship for Concentric and Eccentric Muscle Actions.
3. List the Muscle Actions from highest to lowest force production.
Answer:
1a. Concentric - active muscle SHORTENS against resistance (Ex: the "curl" part of a bicep curl)
1b. Eccentric - active muscle lengthens against resistance (Ex: straightening the arm from the "curl" position)
1c. Isometric - no change in muscle length against resistance (Ex: holding a wall-sit)
2a. Concentric - As the velocity of shortening increases, there is a lower potential to form cross-bridges so the potential to produce force is reduced; Optimal shortening velocity for force production is approximately 1/3 the maximal shortening velocity
2b. Eccentric - As the velocity of movement increases, muscular force has to dramatically increase to control the lengthening of the muscle; Due to maximal force being generated during eccentric muscle actions, slower velocities help to reduce the risk of injury
3. Eccentric > Isometric > Concentric