Energy Pathways
As a team, come up with three different exercise, activity or sports that would utilize the ATP-PC (Immediate) Pathway
Activities that are short duration and high intensity:
-Pitching a baseball
-Offensive Lineman performing a football play
-Performing A Golf Swing
As a team finish this step 1: "NADS and FADS in their...."
oxidized state drop off all of the hydrogens and electrons which creates more potential energy
As a team, for a trained person explain the differences between when the exercise intensity and workload is LOWER vs. HIGHER
When exercise intensity and workload are lower, we are using the Anaerobic Pathways and lactate levels will stay flat.
Versus when exercise intensity increases and workloads are higher, we use The Aerobic Pathways and we reach our lactate threshold
For the breakdown of fats (The Beta Oxidation Cycle) as a team, explain the first (2) steps that occur in this process. (include what Translocation is)
Step 1: Requires Carintine and 1 ATP to move 1 Fatty Acid (long carbon chain) into the matrix of the mitochondria.
Step 2: Each time Beta Oxidation occurs 2 Carbons gets chopped off and becomes Acetyl Coenzyme A.
As a team, explain the differences between an Active and Passive Recovery right after a workout. More specifically, give an example of what you would recommend for an Active Recovery.
Answers will vary.
As a team, come up with three different exercise, activity or sports that would utilize the Anaerobic Glycolysis (Short-Term) Pathway
Activities that are shorter duration but still higher intensity:
-200 yard swim
-Moderate jog for 30 sec to 5 mins
As a team, finish this step 2: "The Hydrogens and electrons move down the.."
waterfall/ spillway and at the same time we're doing this we are capturing ATP
For Lactate and Ventilatory Threshold, as a team explain what happens in step 1 and step 2
Step 1: Our lactate level is flat.
Step 2: As exercise intensity increases, we are producing more lactate than our body can clear.
For the breakdown of fats, (The Beta Oxidation Cycle), explains steps 3 and 4.
Step 3: Once we get Acetyl Coenzyme A, this is the committing point we will be going into The KREBS Cycle.
Step 4: For each time the carbon chain FULLY spins we reduce 1 NAD and 1 FAD which is then taken to the ETC
As a team, explain what 2 things occur AFTER a specific enzyme binds to a specific substrate
1) An enzyme binds to a substrate
2) This results in a change in the structure
3) Lowers the activation energy of the enzyme
As a team, come up with three different exercise, activity or sports that would utilize the Aerobic (Long-Term) Pathway
Activities that are continuous over a long period of time (5 mins or more):
-long distance triathalon (running, swimming, and biking)
-Cross Country running
-Waterpolo (longer sets)
As a team, finish step 3: "Cytochrome carriers help to move...."
all of the electrons along down the waterfall/spillway
For Lactate and Ventilatory Threshold, as a team explain steps 3 and 4.
Step 3: Hydrogen Concentrations go up, the increase of acidity results in DECREASE of Ph levels
Step 4: Buffering the excess lactic acid produces non-metabolic CO2
For the breakdown of PROTEINS, as a team explain what Oxidative Deanimation is, where does it occur, what it gets rid of, and what cycle does it go to?
Oxidative Deanimation occurs in the liver. The urea in the urine is coming off of the amino acid as your body breaks it down. You then get rid of the amino and nitrogen group and you're left with CARBON, HYDROGEN, and OXYGEN. These then get sent into the KREBS Cycle.
As a team, explain the 2 aspects of the relationship between fixed amount of substrates and amount of enzyme concentration.
1) You have a fixed amount of substrate but increase the enzyme concentration
OR
2) You have a fixed amount of enzyme concentration but increase the amount of substrate
As a team, explain each of the (3) key steps that take place in the ATP-PC (Immediate) pathway. Don't forget to include what specific enzymes play a key role in each step.
1) Takes place in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell
2) ATPase splits the terminal phosphate which releases the energy we use to contract the skeletal muscle (Phosphocreatine regenerates ATP)
3) Creatine Kinase splits the phosphate from the creatine releasing energy quickly reforming a molecule of ATP.
This pathway takes 15-20 sec and it's purpose is to allow for rapid resynthesis of ATP
As a team, finish step 4: "BLANK is the final electron...."
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and the final byproduct of aerobic metabolism is Water
For Lactate and Ventilatory Threshold, explain step 5. Also, explain what specifically you need to ramp up in order to get rid of the excess what?
Step 5: CO2 is a powerful chemical stimulant which produces us to breathe harder.
*You need to ramp up the ventilation in order to get rid of the excess CO2. *
For the breakdown of PROTEINS, as a team explain what TRANSANIMATION is, where does it occur, what it gets rid of, and what cycle does it go to?
For Transanimation it occurs in the skeletal muscle. It is the transfer of the Nitrogen containing group to a Keto Acid. As a result, you form a brand new amino acid and a separate Krebs Cycle intermediate which then gets sent into the KREBS cycle.
What occurs to certain enzymes as a result of continuous training over time?
With continuous training, you can increase the amount of glycolytic and oxidative enzymes.
As a team, you can choose to explain step by step of Anaerobic Glycolysis Pathway OR The Aerobic Pathway (KREBS Cycle).
Anaerobic Glycolysis has (6) key steps and what specific enzymes are used in each step OR Aerobic Pathway (KREBS Cycle) has (4) key steps and what specific enzymes are used.
We will go over steps for both pathways. Answers will vary a bit.
What is the main purpose of the ETS/ETC? Also, the ATP formed via the ETC is termed as what?
The purpose of the ETS/ETC is to establish a chemical and electrical gradient. This gradient is creating more potential energy.
ATP formed via the ETC is termed as Oxidative Phosphorylation.
What type of athletes have a high VO2 max? Also what are the lactate threshold percentages for UNTRAINED VS. TRAINED?
-Cross Country Skiers
-Olympic or Competitive Swimmers
-Long Distance Runners
UNTRAINED: 50-60% of their VO2 Max
TRAINED: 70-80% of their VO2 Max
As a team, explain what LEUCINE is AND what are the (3) different ways that excess amounts of lactate get cleared?
1) Through the Cori Cycle which occurs in the liver. We then convert this lactate back to Glucose (this is a.k.a GLUCONEOGENESIS). This Glucose can then move back into our bloodstream and be used by our skeletal muscle.
2) Lactate goes to the Heart. When we move into high intensity exercise, lactate becomes our body's primary fuel source. Lactate is carried to our heart and oxidized by cardiac muscle.
3) Lactate is oxidized by the skeletal muscle. The lactic acid produced in our fast twitch muscle fibers can enter slow twitch muscle fibers and used as a fuel source.
As a team, name the (4) Categories of types of enzymes. Also, give an example of each type of enzyme.
Glycolytic Enzymes: Any enzymes used in ATP-PC and Anaerobic Glycolysis Pathways.
Oxidative Enzymes: Any enzymes used in The Aerobic Pathways (KREBS Cycle, Beta Oxidation, and ETC)
Kinase Enzymes: Responsible for moving phosphate groups
Dehydrogenase Enzymes: Responsible for moving hydrogen groups