Inflammation
Miscellaneous 2
Cryo/Thermo/ Mechanical 2
100
List the three stages of the inflammatory process
Inflammatory response, fibroblastic repair, maturation-remodeling.
100
List four factors which impede tissue healing
separation of tissue, edema, poor vascular supply, health/age/nutrition status, atrophy, muscle spasm, infection, lack of humidity
100
What is a thermopane?
An area of warmer water around a submerged bodypart.
200
List four signs of inflammation.
Heat, swelling, pain, loss of function, redness
200
Describe three mechanisms of heat transfer
Convection, conduction, radiation, conversion, radiation
200
What are two contraindications to thermotherapy?
Loss of sensation, acute injury, potentially CVD.
300
What are mast cells and what role do they play in the inflammatory process?
They are "sentinel cells" clustered along blood vessels. Contain chemicals that mediate inflamation. When damaged, they release heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (increased capillary permeability).
300
Pain receptors in the body are called _________. (general category to encompass them)
Nociceptors
300
Why might you use spinal traction?
To alleviate spasm, disc injuries, or nerve root compression.
400
When tissue is injured, the body's initial local reaction is to release a variety of chemical mediators, including histamine, heparin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, & cytokines. Generally speaking, what do these mediators do and why is it important in the inflammation process?
Histamine - increases cap permeability Heparin - anti-coagulant Leukotrienes - released by damaged cell, attract WBCs Prostaglandins - released by damaged cell, vasodilate and stimulate free nerve endings Cytokines - vasodilators
400
List three factors which may impact pain perception.
past pain experiences, depression, age, gender, presence of peers, anxiety, presence of a distraction, athletic participation/type of sport played.
400
List 3 contraindications for cryotherapy.
Reynaud's, cold urticaria, cold-induced hemoglobinuria & cryoglobinemia, superficial nerves, reduced sensation
500
Describe how WBCs get to the area of the damaged tissue and what they do when they get there.
Stasis caused by vasodilation allows WBCs to roll along vessel walls and attach (margination) in response to changes in wall structure (selectins). Increased permeability caused by histamine allows them to migrate into damaged tissue (diapedesis) where they begin to chew up (phagocytosis) damaged tissue.
500
List the three components of neuromuscular control and describe how modalities can be used to regain them.
Voluntary contractions, reflex contractions, complex functional movements. They are lost due to pain, swelling, and altered proprioceptor input.
500
Describe the effect of cryotherapy on the following: muscle spasm, proprioception, sensation, pain, blood flow, muscle strength
Spasm decreased, proprioception decreased, sensation and pain decreased, causes vasoconstriction, decreases muscle's ability to produce force.
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