Vascular Variety
What two physiological variables determine blood pressure?
Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
What is released by the pancreas to breakdown glycogen, raising blood glucose?
Glucagon
What component of the intervertebral disc accounts for much of the strength and mobility of the spine?
Nucleus pulposus
*Gel like structure at the center of the disc that disperses the forces placed on one aspect of a vertebral body to the entire structure. It also determines disc height/thickness, without which, movement in all planes would be hindered and nerves be impinged.
What is our body's innate immune response to pathogens, toxins, or damage?
Inflammation
What is the most important risk factor for developing CTE?
Long duration of exposure to head impacts
What is Alzheimer's disease? What is it a type of?
a progressive neurodegenerative disease, dementia
*Or I'll accept a neurocognitive disorder (NCD)
What are the 3 main types of cardiovascular disease or manifestations of atherosclerosis?
Coronary artery disease
Peripheral artery disease
cerebrovascular disease
Give the "energy balance equation " (i.e. energy balance = ________________________)
Energy in - Energy out
OR
Energy in = Energy out
(caloric intake = caloric expenditure --> body weight maintained)
Flexion (forward bending) of the spine causes what kind of forces on the anterior and posterior aspects of the vertebral bodies and their discs?
Compression and shear on anterior aspects, tensile or distraction on the posterior.
What in the vaping liquid are harmful to the lungs?
The flavoring agents and humectants
*aerosolization (heating of them) releases toxins that are inhaled
What is the culprit for developing emphysema, regardless of whether it was smoking, genetic, or chronic bronchitis induced?
elastase or protease activity
*Smoking reduces alpha1antitrypsin activity (antiprotease) as well as certain genetics. This normally protects the lungs from excessive elastase activity
*Elevated levels of neutrophil-mediated elastase in the sputum due to neutrophil necrosis and reduced clearing (bronchial ciliary dysfunction)
Name 3 of the 6 Domains of cognitive function"
1. Memory/Learning
2. Executive Function
3. Attention
4. Perceptual/Motor
5. Social Cognition
6. Language
Myocardial ischemia occurs when the lack of O2 getting to the heart causes what?
Lack of ATP production = tissue death
Describe the pathophysiology of T2 diabetes:
Insulin resistance:
Insulin is not as effective at taking glucose into cells, resulting in hyperglycemia (free floating glucose). This results in more insulin being secreted resulting in hyperinsulinemia and then the downregulation of insulin receptors, making it even harder for insulin to work effectively.
What type of resistance training exercises are the most safe and effective way to train the musculature that supports the vertebral column?
Spine stability, static core exercises, endurance exercises for the back/spine (all different ways to say the same thing)
Spine is stabilized in neutral position against resistance.
What are the specialized cells of the adaptive immune system?
Antigen-specific lymphocytes called B and T cells.
e.g. Helper, Killer, and Regulatory T cells
What's the difference in diagnosis of CTE compared to TES (traumatic encephalopathy syndrome)?
CTE is diagnosed post-mortem
What stage of Alzheimer's is described by...
•Decline in memory, executive function or language function
•Able to work, socialize and live independently
Mild Cognitive Impairment
What two systems are interconnected and act laterally and simultaneously to raise and lower BP?
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) & Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)
What are the 2 main hormones responsible for energy balance? Do they increase or decrease when someone loses weight?
Ghrelin: increases
Leptin: decreases
The failure region of the stress-strain curve marks what?
Stress beyond the materials ultimate strength = permanent deformation = tissue damage
What does gluten do to those with Celiac disease if chronically ingested?
Inflammation of the intestinal lining results in atrophy of absorptive villi and crypt hyperplasia. This reduces the surface area for effective nutrient absorption.
What are three symptoms/core features of someone with CTE (or TES: Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome)?
Behavioral changes: Anger, aggression, explosiveness, impulsivity
Cognitive decline: memory loss, attention deficits, executive dysfunction
Motor: tremors, stutter step gait, stooped posture (Parkinson's like)
Other: headaches
Where does the disease process begin?
Entorhinal cortex and then the hippocampus
What 2 hormones activate the Sympathetic Nervous System, and thereby triggering renin secretion from the kidneys?
Epinephrine (Epi) and Norepinephrine (NE)
What are the 3 major categories of chronic complications for those with Diabetes?
CVD (coronary, peripheral, or cerebro), microvascular damage (retina or kidneys) neuropathies (autonomic or peripheral)
What is the type of damage called that decreases the structural integrity of the annulus fibrosus, increasing the risk of disc herniation?
Delamination
Caused by repeated flexion, extension, and or rotation under load or at extreme volumes.
*More likely in lumbar due to size of the vertebral bodies
What lung structure and physiologic process does not function properly due to the presence of benzaldehyde and BPGA?
Alveoli's compression-expansion cycle due to increased surface tension
What are the main causes (results of the pathophysiology) of COPD symptoms due to chronic bronchitis?
Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, leading to mucus membrane hyperemia, edema, and increased mucus production
How is Alzheimer's characterized at the cellular level?
•Characterized by accumulation of abnormally folded beta-amyloid (Aβ) and tau proteins in the brain.
•Senile or Neuritic Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFTs), respectively
*also low acetylcholine levels as well as cholinergic synapses & activity
Increasing blood volume, fluid retention, and vasoconstriction.
How does exercise "treat" diabetes type II? What are the physiological mechanisms that improve type II's pathophysiology?
Muscle contraction mediated pathway of glucose uptake into cells (does not require insulin).
-Lowers blood glucose
-Lower insulin secretion
-Increases insulin sensitivity
*Thereby also reducing risks associated with Type II
What is the injury mechanism defined as "applying force to musculoskeletal structures (ligaments, muscle-tendon unit, fascia) without active muscle contraction."
What causes the increase in surface tension, resulting in the alveoli sticking together, unable to expand as well?
Benzaldehyde and BPGA interacting with alveolar surfactant disrupts it's organization (monolayer of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails) which is responsible for reducing surface tension and promoting gas exchange.
What is the supporting feature used in diagnosis of Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome, in conjunction with core features?
Aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins called neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs).
(Found in superficial cortical layers, the hippocampus, subcortical nuclei, and/or astrocytes.)
What is actually causing the neuronal dysfunction that results in degeneration and eventually death? (hint: it's the same as for CTE/TES)
The hyperphosphorylation of tau by the Aβ aggregates.
-Hyperphosphorylation of tau causes it to detach from the microtubule it stabilizes, forming NFTs, resulting in dysfunctional neuronal transport and eventual deterioration (death)
What physiologic effects occur due to exercise training that result in lowering TPR, and therefore BP?
Lower NE and increased nitric oxide (NO) production (vasodilator).
*Also greater insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemia = higher SNS activation)
How does our metabolism adapt to maintain energy balance when someone loses weight? What theory did this research stem from?
We burn fewer calories (i.e. lower RMR than someone of the same weight)
Set-point Theory
What common reason, other than lacking the strength or endurance, does passive loading occur, and subsequent strain/injury occur?
Not stabilizing the proximal joint/s (spine, shoulder girdle, and/or pelvic girdle)
Even IF vaping is still considered safer than combustible cigarettes, what is a major negative health consequences of vaping nicotine and cannabis?
Higher concentration of nicotine/THC leads to greater addiction = heavier use
-Resulting in increased lung injury probability
-Complications due to withdrawal
What is ONE of the hypothesized reasons for skeletal muscle disfunction in those with COPD?
May be related to hypoxemia, lack of PA, hypercapnia, systemic inflammation, or chronic steroid use
What two types of drug therapies are not available to treat Alzheimer's? What else is usually prescribes to help with managing the diease?
Symptomatic drug therapies, and disease modifying therapies.
Psychiatric therapies
Provide the steps creating the positive feedback loop making it difficult to lower BP in those with hypertension.
High blood pressure --> damages endothelium --> blood vessels thicken and harden to protect from high forces --> increasing TPR --> increasing blood pressure.
What are the physiologic mechanisms (4) by which exercise promotes weight loss, and weight loss maintenance?
1. Maximize energy deficit
2. Elevated RMR post-exercise
3. More lean mass = Higher RMR
4. Exercise counteracts ghrelin and leptins hunger functions (lower ghrelin, higher leptin sensitivity)
What are the two main reasons it is important to stabilize the spine and proximal articulations during physical activity performance?
1. Maintain proper VC alignment so that all the supporting structures of the spine can do their jobs effectively, reducing likelihood of injury.
2. More effective transfer of force and power to the limbs. Production from the ground up, peaking at the hips is then then transferred through the torso to the acting limb/s and/or implements.
What two functions of T cells malfunction due to Celiac Disease, resulting in an over-reactive immune response?
Reduced Treg suppression in addition to excessive T cell proliferation.
Give ONE clincal consideration for exercise prescription for those with COPD:
-Lower body aerobic exercise
-Resistance training, with emphasis on upper body
-Inspiratory muscle training
-Encourage pulmonary rehab
-May need oxygen therapy
How specifically is exercise beneficial for Alzheimer's patients as well as those approaching their genetically predisposed age? Which is what btw?
prevent or slow cognitive decline due to:
•Increased cerebral blood flow
•decreased inflammation
•Increases synthesis and release of neurotrophins
•Inhibits production & accelerates clearance of amyloid-β peptides.
65 for 5-10%, others at risk, 85