Chapter #8:
Introduction to Motor Learning
Introduction to Motor Learning
A __________ can separate the relatively permanent and temporary effects of a variable.
Transfer Test
In Fitts' __________ stage of learning, learners begin to monitor their own feedback and detect their errors
Stage 2 - Fixation/Associative
In what type of practice does the learner perform a number of different skills in no particular order, while avoiding/minimizing consecutive reps.
Random Practice
__________ is extrinsic information provided after the action is completed that tells the learner about the degree to which the goal was achieved
Sensory information that primarily comes from sources outside of a person's body is called what?
Exteroception
T/F - Learning is another word for improved performance.
During Fitts' __________ stage of learning, movements involving open skills become more automatic with practice.
Stage 3 - Autonomous
__________ refers to giving learners ownership over some of the components of practice, such as how to organize the practice schedule.
Self-regulated Practice
__________ is feedback provided after a series of practice attempts that informs learners about their average performance.
Average Feedback
__________ is a measure of error in which the direction of the error is disregarded.
Absolute Error
Learning produces an acquired __________ for skilled performance.
Capability
In Bernstein's second stage of learning, the typical learner attempts to improve performance by __________.
Releasing the degrees of freedom
During __________ learning, the learner gains information by watching another's performance.
Observational Learning
__________ is augmented information about the movement pattern the learner has just made.
KP - Knowledge of Performance
Fitts' Law states that movement time is linearly related to the __________.
Index of Difficulty (ID)
T/F - Victoria has followed her new weight-training program for three months now and has seen a great improvement in her miniature golf games. This is a good example of motor learning.
False
Fitts' stages of learning were designed to consider both the __________ and __________ components involved in skill acquisition.
Perceptual & Motor
T/F - For continuous tasks, distributed practice is beneficial for both performance and learning.
True
__________ of feedback is the percentage of trials receiving feedback during a practice session.
Relative Frequency
____________ is the period of time between the presentation of a stimulus and the beginning of a person's response. It begins when the stimulus is presented and ends when the movement is initiated.
Reaction Time (RT)
The term __________ usually refers to a test after change of task conditions, whereas a __________ usually refers to a test given after a period without practice.
Transfer Test/Retention Test
Bernstein's stages of learning were identified from a combination of __________ and __________ perspectives.
Biomechanical & Motor-Control
__________ is a practice schedule in which the amount of rest between practice trials is relatively short
Massed Practice
Feedback that helps to direct the learner's attention toward the production of the movement can induce an __________ focus of attention.
Internal Focus
__________ is a type of information processing that is deliberate and requires consciousness. It is slow, sequential, demanding of attention, voluntary, and more prominent during the early stages of learning.
Controlled Processing