Foot and Ankle
What are the bones of the forefoot?
Metatarsals (I-V), phalanges (distal, middle, proximal I-V), sesamoid (big toe)
What is the Q-angle and why is it significant?
The Q-angle is the angle formed by the quadriceps muscle and the patellar tendon, significant for assessing knee alignment and potential for injury.
What are the three bones that form the pelvic girdle?
Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
What is a high ankle sprain and how does it differ from a low ankle sprain?
A high ankle sprain involves the syndesmotic ligaments above the ankle, while a low ankle sprain involves the lateral ligaments.
What is the primary action of the gastrocnemius muscle?
Plantarflexion of the foot
Name the bones that make up the mid-foot.
Navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
Describe the difference between knee valgus and knee varus.
Knee valgus is the inward angling of the knee, while knee varus is the outward angling of the knee.
What is the primary function of the gluteus medius muscle?
The gluteus medius muscle is responsible for hip abduction and stabilizing the pelvis during walking.
Explain the mechanism of an ACL injury.
Extended leg and dynamic valgus (knee abduction)
Which muscle is responsible for hip flexion and knee extension?
Rectus Femoris
Which ligaments make up the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) complex of the ankle?
Anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular
What are the static stabilizers of the knee?
Cruciate ligaments (ACL, PCL), collateral ligaments (MCL, LCL), and menisci (lateral, medial)
What is the significance of the Trendelenburg sign in clinical assessment?
The Trendelenburg sign indicates weakness in the hip abductor muscles, particularly the gluteus medius, and is used to assess hip stability and muscle function
What is piriformis syndrome and its symptoms?
Piriformis syndrome is a condition where the piriformis muscle irritates the sciatic nerve, causing pain, tingling, and numbness in the buttocks and along the path of the sciatic nerve.
Name the muscles that make up the hamstrings group.
Long head of biceps femoris, short head of biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
What is the function of the tibialis anterior muscle?
Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot
Name the muscles that make up the quadriceps group.
Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis
Which muscles are involved in hip abduction?
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae
Describe IT band syndrome and its common causes.
IT band syndrome is an overuse injury causing pain on the outer knee, often due to repetitive flexion and extension of the knee, common in runners and cyclists. Caused by tightness of TFL and friction between IT band and lateral femoral condyle.
What is the function of the gluteus medius muscle?
Hip abduction and stabilization of the pelvis during walking
Identify the joint between the talus and calcaneus.
Subtalar Joint
What is the primary function of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee?
The ACL prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur and provides rotational stability to the knee.
Which muscles are primarily responsible for adduction of the hip?
Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, pectineus, and gracilis
What is hip impingement and its typical presentation?
Hip impingement, or femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), occurs when there is abnormal contact between the femur and acetabulum, causing pain and limited range of motion.
Which hip adductor muscle is the longest and runs from the pelvis to the tibia?
Gracilis