chapter 1
define PROM and AROM
Prom - movement generated by a force other than muscle activation
Three class levers
1. First - balance
2. Second - leverage
3. Third - Power
Main function of connective tissues? Made up of?
1. Support and protect the integrity of the joint
2. Ground substance, elastin fibers and cells
What is type 1 and type 2 collagen?
1 - Thick rugged, tendons, ligaments and fibro capsules
2 - thinner, more give make up fibrocartilage
Explain mono acrticular and multi joint
mono - one joint
multi- two or more joints
Explain the three three planes and what axis of rotation
1. Frontal - body front and back
Anterior-posterior axis
2. Sagittal Plane - left and right
Medial-lateral axis
3. Transverse Plane - upper and lower
Vertical axis
Explain Convex vs Concave
Convex on Concave - Roll and slide in opposite directions
Concave on convex - roll and slide in same directional
What gives a synovial joint stability?
1. Bone shape & position
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Labrum
4. Meniscus
5. Joint Capsule
6. Ligaments
7. Muscles (and tendons)
Two other types of connective tissue
1. Aponeurosis : Broad fibrous band that connects muscles
2. Interosseous membrane: sturdy fibrous band that connects bones
Explain active and passive insufficiency
Active - short/short
Passive - long/long
Explain Open-Chain vs. Closed Chain
Open chain is when the distal end of the bone moves first and proximal bone is relatively fixed
Closed chain is when the distal segment of bone stays fixed and the proximal end moves first
How is torque generated?
Internal?
External?
Force x moment arm
Muscular force x internal moment = internal
External force x external moment = external
Explain:
Synarthrosis
Diarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
1. Synarthrosis - very little movement
Fibrous
Sutures in the skull, joint between teeth
2. Diarthrosis - very movable
Synovial
Shoulder and hips
3. Amphiarthrosis - mainly shock absorption
Cartilaginous
Intervertebral disks, public symphysis
Three long term effects of joint immobilization
1. tissue stiffness - loss of ROM
2. tissue dehydration - loss of ground surfaces
3. tissue weakness - tears and microtrauma
Supporting structures for the sternoclavicular joint (5)
sternoclavicular ligament
joint capsule
interclavicular ligament
costoclavicular
articular disc
Define osteokinimatics and arthrokinematics
Osteo - how the bones move around the joint
Arthro - how joint surface articulate with one another
1. Multiple forces pulling
2. Unequal forces
3. Force Couple
1. Multiple forces
Two or more forces pull from a common point BUT pull in diff directions
Resultant - Net effect of the two different forces
2. Unequal forces
Two forces both pulling with different strength level
Resultant - will go toward the strongest force
3. Force Couple
Two or more forces act in different linear directions but produce force in the same rotational direction
Seven qualities of a synovial joint
1. Synovial fluid
2. Articular Cartilage
3. Synovial Membrane
4. Blood Vessels
5. Capsular Ligaments
6. Sensory Nerves
7. Joint Capsule
Explain concentric, eccentric, isometric
concentric - shortening
eccentric - attempting to resist elongating
Isometric - remaining at constant length
Six motions of the scapulothoracic joint
1. elevation
2. depression
3. protraction
4. retraction
5. upward rotation
6. downward rotation
3 Fundamental Movements between joint surfaces
1. Roll - Multiple points along one rotating articular surface contact multiple contact points along another articulating surface
2. Slide - single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on an articular surface
3. Spin - single point on an articular surface on a single point on another articular surface
Explain the actions that happen in each plane
1. Frontal - adduction, abduction, lateral flexion, inversion, eversion, ulnar & radial deviation
2. Sagittal - flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, forward & back bending
3. Transverse - internal and external rotation, rotation
Types of synovial joints and degrees of freedom (7)
Hinge - 1
Ball and socket - 3
Plane - Variable
Saddle - 2
Ellipsoid - 2
Condyloid - 2
Pivot - 1
Explain Optimal Stretching and for
Biceps
Pronator Teres
Supraspinatus
ECU
Biceps - Shoulder extension, elbow extension, pronation
Pronator Teres- Supination, elbow extension
Supraspinatus - adduction
ECU- flexion & radial deviation
How does the glenoid labrum help the glenohumeral joint?
Creates a suction cup effect to the head of humerus and glenoid fossa