Ch 1. Basics
What is the balance between protons and electrons in an atom?
a) The number of protons = the number of electrons
b) The number of protons > the number of electrons
c) The number of protons < the number of electrons
a) The number of protons = the number of electrons
In this chemical reaction (2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O), identify the reactants.
a) 2H2
b) O2
c) 2H2 and O2
c) 2H2 and O2
Within amino acids, which one of the following is unique and determines the various sizes, charges, polarities, and reactivity levels of each amino acid?
a) Carboxyl group - COO-
b) Amino group - +H3N
c) Hydrogen - H
d) side chain - R
d) side chain - R
Which of the following components is like the special code in DNA's language?
a) Nitrogenous Base
b) Deoxyribose Unit
c) Phosphoryl Groups
a) Nitrogenous Base
Which of the following compounds does not have high phosphoryl-transfer potential and is not considered one of the main energy-related compounds?
A) ATP B) ADP C) Phosphocreatine D) AMP
D) AMP
Atomic Mass Number is the Sum of:
a) protons + electrons
b) protons + neutrons
c) electrons + neutrons
b) protons + neutrons
Which of the following describes a desirable metabolic reaction?
a) ΔG is negative
b) ΔG is positive
c) ΔG is 0
a) ΔG is negative
Two common types of secondary structures in proteins are:
a) Alpha helix and beta sheet
b) Hydrogen and ionic bonds
c) Primary and tertiary structures
d) Amino and carboxyl groups
a) Alpha helix and beta sheet
What is the key enzyme responsible for DNA replication?
a) DNA polymerase
b) DNA ligase
c) DNA helicase
a) DNA polymerase
Which enzyme plays a critical role in the transfer of phosphate groups between creatine and ATP?
A) ATP Synthase
B) Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
C) Creatine Kinase
D) Phosphofructokinase
C) Creatine Kinase
a) ions, molecules
b) molecules, compounds
c) compounds, ions
a) ions, molecules
Which of the following has the highest energy content?
a) ATP b) ADP c) AMP
a) ATP
*** Double Points***
In the tertiary structure of proteins, which bond is typically the stronger one?
a) Hydrogen bond b) Disulfide bond c) Ionic bond
b) Disulfide bond
*** Double Points***
What is the complementary strand to the parent strand of DNA: 5'-A-T-G-C-3'?
a) 3'-A-T-G-C-5'
b) 3'-T-A-C-G-5'
c) 5'-C-A-T-G-3'
d) 5'-G-C-A-T-3'
b) 3'-T-A-C-G-5'
When we engage in high-intensity exercise, what specific changes are observed in muscle tissue concentrations?
A) Pi levels decrease
B) Phosphocreatine levels decrease
C) pH increase
D) ATP levels increase
B) Phosphocreatine levels decrease
What is the weight of a single water molecule (H2O)?
(Note: Hydrogen atom mass is 1, and oxygen atom mass is 16.)
a) 16 g/mol b) 17 g/mol c) 18 g/mol
c) 18 g/mol
How much energy is released when one mole of ATP is broken down (hydrolyzed)?
a) -7.3 kcal/mol
b) - 10 kcal/mol
c) + 5 kcal/mol
a) -7.3 kcal/mol
What is a good example of protein denaturation?
a) Cooking an egg
b) Baking bread
c) Mixing sugar and water
d) Boiling water
a) Cooking an egg
Which of the following bases is unique to RNA and replaces thymine found in DNA?
a) Adenine b) Guanine c) Cytosine d) Uracil
d) Uracil
What is the primary role of AMP deamination in the context of ATP regulation during exercise?
A) It decreases ATP production, conserving energy.
B) It has no impact on ATP levels during exercise.
C) It helps maintain ATP levels during intense activity by increasing ATP production.
C) It helps maintain ATP levels during intense activity by increasing ATP production.
*** Double Points***
How many milligrams (mg) of glucose should be added to 1 liter (L) of fluid to create a 10 mM glucose solution? (Note: 1 mM is equivalent to 180 mg/L)
a) 180 mg b) 1800 mg c) 18000 mg
b) 1800 mg
*** Double Points***
NADH, NADPH, and FADH2 serve as reducing agents, or reductants, by donating what to metabolites?
Hydrogen
*** Double Points***
Which factor increases the reaction rate of an enzyme but stops once the enzyme's active site is saturated?
a) Substrate concentration
b) Enzyme concentration
c) pH
d) Temperature
a) Substrate concentration
Which of the following codons typically serves as the initiation codon for protein synthesis?
a) AUG b) UAA c) UAG d) UGA
a) AUG
What is the primary role of radicals like superoxide in the body?
A) To prevent cellular damage and aging
B) To play a role in both causing cellular damage and contributing to the body's defense mechanisms
C) To transfer a pair of electrons to produce ATP
D) To synthesize DNA, proteins, and lipids
B) To play a role in both causing cellular damage and contributing to the body's defense mechanisms