Augmented Feedback
Steering in a car simulator -> there is continuous visual or auditory signals when vehicle is outside the street boundaries
Is it better to practice in a constant manner or with variability?
variability
True or false: Overlearning is a good thing, but too much of it can be bad
True
From the study shown in lecture, at what percentages of overlearning caused diminishing returns?
Loss of proprioception leads to extra reliance on what?
vision
Reaction time is made up of what 3 elements?
Stimulus ID, Response Selection, Response Programming
KP or KR?
1. Your shot went into the water on the right!
2. You missed the field goal
3. You should change your initial foot positioning
1. KR, why?
2. KR, why?
3. KP, why?
What is the view that motor skill learning is influenced by practice condition characteristics?
hint: for this, it would include as many features of a test environmental context as possible in the practice environment
Specificity of practice hypothesis
Timmy crammed 5 weeks of lecture videos the day before the exam.
What type of practice is this: Massed or distributed?
Massed
Playing piano, assembly-line tasks, and gymnastics routines are which types of movements: discrete, serial, or continuous
serial
What are the invariant features of GMP's?
-features that DO NOT CHANGE
1. order of events
2. relative timing
3. relative force
ex: elbowing someone vs. hugging them
True or false: Intermittent feedback is the best for retention and giving constant 100% feedback should not be used
False
Constant feedback helps with initial learning -> great for beginners
Intermittent feedback is, however, better for retention
With this, a great way to incorporate both for a beginner is to use constant feedback for initial learning and then transitioning to intermittent. "Fading" schedule is a good way to do this
Try your best to explain the concept of contextual interference. Why is it helpful?
the memory and performance disruption that results from performing a skill within the context of practice
"forgetting aids learning"
Ex: if practicing throwing....
In the time you are practicing the underhand skill, you are “forgetting” the overhand skill and will need to problem solve all over again when attempting to practice the overhand skill again. This idea of contextual interference will continuously allow you to have to challenge yourself and problem solve for optimal learning.
Which of the practice, massed or distributed, is best for continuous + fatiguing tasks
Distributed
True or False: To calculate constant error, you must take the average of all positive numbers only
FALSE
Constant error is the average DIRECTIONAL error; it's an indication of deviation from target. You must take the average of ALL numbers, including negatives, because we take direction into account
List the 4 observable features of learning
1. improved performance level
2. improved consistency
3. improved retention
4. improved generalization
Explain the difference between summary and averaged feedback
Summary: give feedback on all attempts after a certain # of attempts
Averaged: give feedback on the average of all the attempts after a certain number of attempts
What is the best guidelines to implement practice variability?
-begin with blocked practice
-gradually switch to random practice
List all of the effects of overlearning
-reduces the need for attention
-improves perceptual trace
-improves consistency
-improves confidence
-improves retention
Which of the following shows the proper sequence of the psychological refractory period:
Real Stimulus-> False Stimulus ->PRP-> Response
False Stimulus -> Real Stimulus -> PRP-> Response
PRP-> False Stimulus-> Real Stimulus -> Response
False Stimulus -> Real Stimulus -> PRP - Response
-delay to react to the true stimulus
In your own words, explain the process of feedback delay interval and post-feedback delay interval
1. Feedback delay interval: period between between completion of an action and the availability of KR or KP
2. Post-feedback delay interval: period between the availability of KR or KP and the beginning of the next attempt
What are the 2 things that blocked practice aids and the 2 things that random practice aids?
Blocked:
1. Aids rate of learning
2. Aids insight learning
Random:
1. Aids retention
2. Aids generalization to random settings
What benefits can be received from practice while fatigued
-improves stamina (cognitive + physical)
-improves capability to perform while fatigued (specificity of learning)
*often from massed practice
Which study proves the idea of two separate functional visual systems?
Describe the ventral stream. Describe the dorsal stream
-Disk Illusion Study
Ventral Stream:
-Central field (fovea)
-Object identification
-Vision for perception
-AKA "focal vision"
Dorsal Stream:
-Central and peripheral field
-Provides visual information for control of movement
-Vision for action
-AKA ambient vision