Viruses
Nucleic acid core with outer protein coating
What is viron
Three ways to protect from SARS-CoV-2
What are wash hands, sanitize, wear a mask, keep your distance
The difference between the total free energy of products and the total free energy of the reactants
What is Free E of the reaction
The free E of the reaction is positive and requires energy to proceed
What is unfavorable/endergonic reaction
Anaerobic catabolism in which organic compounds are used both as an electron donor and an electron acceptor
What is fermentation
Influenza types causing epidemics
What are Influenza Type A and Type B
The amount of time it takes to obtain results from wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2
What is as little as six hours to 24-48 hours
Balance the following redox reaction:
H2 + SO42- = HS- + H2O
What is:
4H2 + SO42- + H+ = HS- + 4H2O
Biological catalysts
What are enzymes
This catabolic process uses oxidative phosphorilation for ATP synthesis
What is respiration
Abbreviated "H" and "N" in the H1N1 Type Influenza
What are two different types of proteins
Marker for human contamination (widely abundant in human guts)
What is CrAssphage
Thermodynamically-determined free E of the reaction for
4C2H6 + 7SO42- = 8HCO3- + 7HS- + H+ + 4H2O
when Thermodynamic data used: ΔGf0HCO3- = -586.8 kJ/mol, ΔGf0HS- = 12.05 kJ/mol, ΔGf0H2O= -237.18 kJ/mol, ΔGf0C2H6 = -32.89 kJ/mol, ΔGf0H+ = 0 kJ/mol, ΔGf0SO42- = -744.6 kJ/mol
What is -215.01 kJ/mol
The most important E-rich compound in bacterial cell
What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Glucose is phosphorylated by ATP (2 ATPs used)
What is Stage I in both fermentation and respiration reactions
Viruses have in common with non-living things
What is do not use energy, do reproduce on their own, do not have cells
The main challenge of the application of wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2
What is the low abundance of viral particles and the establishment of low enough Limits of Detection (LOD)
The free E of the reaction per mole of lactate respired via chemolithotrophic metabolism with NO3-
What is -887.28 kJ/rxn/mol
Rxn 1: 1/12 lactate + 1/3 H2O = 1/6 CO2 + 1/12 HCO3- + H+ + e- deltaG = -32.29 kJ/e-
Rxn 2: 1/2 NO3- + H+ + e-= 1/2 NO2- + 1/2 H2O deltaG = -41.65 kJ/e-
Total Rxn: 1/12 lactate+ 1/2 NO3- = 1/6 CO2 +1/12 HCO3- +1/2 NO2- + 1/6 H2O
deltaG = -73.94 kJ/rxn/e-
Per mole of lactate, multiply by 12
deltaG = -887.28 kJ/rxn/mol
The only phosphate bond that does not provide enough E
What is the Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
AMP = A + PO43- deltaG = -14 kJ/mol > -30 kJ/mol
Incomplete breakdown of pyruvate in fermentation leads to these
What are acetate, lactate, and ethanol
Virus reproduction cycle steps
What are: attachment, entry, replication, assembly, release
The advantage of co-detecting SARS-CoV-2 and CrAssphage in each sample
What is CrAssphage is a surrogate organism possessing similar structural/molecular characteristics and coming from the same source (humans gut) as SARS-CoV-2 and can be used as an indicator for assessing the recovery yield
Each mole of pyruvate oxidized through the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) produces that many moles of CO2
What is three
HINT: This is stage III in aerobic respiration. Think of the respiration of glucose
C6H12O6 + O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
Each mole of glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. Each pyruvate produces three CO2 for a total of six (as per the equation above)
The energy that comes from breaking down long-term storage molecules (glycogen for instance) when an external energy source is absent
What is maintenance energy
When terminal electron acceptors are available, the decomposition of organic matter proceeds via this pathway
Aerobic or anaerobic respiration