CH 7
Explain the three types of endocytosis
endo-enters Phagocytosis (food vac), Pinocytosis liquid), receptor mediated (specialized pino that uses receptors)
KNOW EXOCYTOSIS sounds like exit
The types of reactions occurring in an organism that releases energy as complex molecules which are broken into simpler ones called what? VS types of reactions that build simple molecules into more complex ones
catabolic; anabolic
What is the equation for cellular respiration? What reactants are being oxidized and which are being reduced? (follow the hydrogens!)
C6H12O6+6O2-->6CO2+6H2O +Energy
C6H12)6 becomes oxidized into 6CO2
6O2 becomes reduced to 6 H2O
Theoretical energy yield for eukaryotes and bacteria?
Vs actual for eukaryotes
both per 1 glucose molecule
in theory: 38 ATP per glucose for bacteria
36 ATP per glucose for eukaryotes
Actual: 30
Where does Co2 enter a plant and where O2 exits?
stomata (pores)
When water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration this is called
BONUSDiffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
Osmosis
BONUS: Passive transport
Reactions that occur spontaneously and release free energy are said to be _________reactions?
VS a process that absorbs free energy from its surrounding (reactants are less than your products)
exergonic; endergoinc
NAD+ is an electron carrier because it can switch between its oxidized state and reduced state well. Is NAD+ an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent?
NAD+ no H so it is oxidized
When O2 is not the final electron acceptor when process occurs
anaerobic respiration/ fermentation
Capture energy from sun
split H2O
Release O2
Make ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH
These all describe what light _______ reactions do.
dependent
PLANT: Hypo= turgid(normal); Iso=flaccid; Hyper= plasmolyzed
What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics?
1. Energy can be transferred and transformed but cant be created or destroyed
2. Every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy (molecular disorder/ randomness) of the universe
List the 4 phases of cellular respiration and their location and the type of phosphorylation involved with that step (nothing for pyruvate oxidation)
1. Glycolysis (cytosol) - substrate level
2. Pyruvate oxidation (Mit) - none
3 Citric Acid Cyle mit)- substrate level
4. Oxidative phosphorylation (mit) -oxidative
_________produce their own organic molecules through photosyntheses while __________Live on organic compounds produced by other organisms
autotroph;heterotroph
What pigment can directly convert light energy to chemical energy and absorbs violet-blue and red light?
Chlorophyll a (primary pigment)
What are the three environmental (solution) tonicity types? What osmotically is occurring to a cell in each of these environments?
1. Hypotonic; H2O Into cell
2. Isotonic; equal water in and out
3. Hypertonic; water out of cell (more solute in environment)
Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy
lowering (pp 154 good review)
Where does most ATP come from (which step)
oxidative phosphorylation
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H2O------>C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
Light reactions are carried out in the ______ ______
they convert light energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
They split H2o and release______ into the atmosphere
thylakoid membranes; O2
Explain what type of molecules can diffuse across the semipermeable membrane and which type require facilitated diffusion across
Diffuse: hydrophobic
Facilitated: Hydrophillic
With enzymes shape equates to
function (think about this with noncompetitive inhibition and factors that can impact enzyme activity think back to proteins)
*be sure you understand the types of inhibition and feedback inhibition (pp161)
The energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
Chemiosmosis
interior tissue of the leaf where chloroplasts are found
mesophyll
Which photosystem comes first
II then I (named in order of their discovery)