Concept definitions
What does reflexivity mean?
Reflexivity means actively examining how your own beliefs, biases, experiences, and assumptions shape the way you interpret situations, make decisions, and interact with others.
Provide a scenario in which you could use ethnography as a research method.
A researcher wants to understand how varsity athletes cope with the emotional pressure of balancing academics, training, and team culture.
Researcher spends an entire season embedded with the team — attending practices, traveling to competitions, observing locker-room interactions
Positivism assumes that reality is socially constructed and multiple meanings exist based on context/POV
False! This is interpretivism.
Positivism assumes that there is an objective reality “out there” independent of the researcher.
What does epistemology and ontology mean? How are they related or different?
Epistemology = the study of knowledge.
Ontology = the study of reality or existence.
Your view of reality shapes your view of knowledge.
Your topic is: Strength Training & Injury Prevention
Provide 2 premises and a conclusion statement to make an argument for this topic.
(hint: tutorial 7 - online discussion responses)
Premise 1: Strength training improves the stability, strength, and control of muscles surrounding major joints.
Premise 2: Greater joint stability and muscular control reduce the risk of common sport-related injuries such as sprains, strains, and overuse injuries.
Conclusion: Therefore, strength training helps prevent injuries in athletes.
Logical fallacies are mental habits that cause you to misinterpret or misjudge reality — often without realizing it.
False! This is cognitive bias.
Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning or argument structure. They are flaws in logic that make an argument unsound, even if it seems persuasive.
What is the difference between INTERdisciplinary, INTRAdisciplinary, and MULTIdisciplinary?
INTRAdisciplinary = Working within one discipline.
INTERdisciplinary = Multiple disciplines are integrated to create new, combined understanding.
MULTIdisciplinary = Multiple disciplines work side-by-side, but separately.
A physiotherapist assumes a teenager’s knee pain is due to “poor motivation” because the patient is overweight, and quickly recommends weight loss instead of assessing the injury. The patient leaves feeling dismissed and unheard.
What are the biases here? What could be amplifying the biases? What could be done differently?
Implicit weight bias, skips a proper assessment, lack of empathy and patient-centred care.
Time pressure & clinic overload
Build Competence & Confidence Across Weight Diversity + Increase Perspective-Taking & Empathy + Use Evidence-Based Clinical Assessment
If a provider uses a stereotype but the stereotype happens to be accurate in that moment, then no bias has occurred.
False!
Using stereotypes is always biased.
Correctness by accident does not remove the bias.
Explain what the 'reality' is for each of these paradigms: positivism, interpretivism, constructionism, critical theory
Positivism: reality is objective, measurable, and discoverable through systematic scientific methods.
Interpretivism: reality is subjective and formed through people’s lived experiences, meanings, and perspectives.
Constructionism: reality is socially created through interactions, culture, language, and shared norms.
Critical theory: reality is shaped by power, inequality, and social structures.
Define anchoring bias and confirmation bias. Provide a scenario in which anchoring bias AND/OR confirmation bias are used in a real-life or KPE-related scenario.
(Hint: tutorial 9)
Anchoring bias occurs when a person fixates on the first piece of information they receive.
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, notice, and interpret information in ways that support your pre-existing beliefs.
An argument can be valid even if one or both premises are false.
True!
Validity is about structure, not truth. A logically consistent argument can still be built on false premises.