Post ww2
Legal challenges and grassroots activism.
what were the two main strategies African Americans used to challenge racial segregation in the South?
Morgan v. Virginia
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Morgan v. Virginia that the conviction should be overturned because it violated the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution
Racial segregation
Racial segregation in education was legal and required in many states
President Eisenhower
sent federal troops to escort the "Little Rock Nine" and enforce desegregation at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas
withdrew their children from public schools, enrolling them in all-White private academies
White Southerners response to desegregation efforts in public schools
Double V Campaign
African Americans had to defeat foreign enemies in World War II while simultaneously fighting against segregation and discrimination at home.
Journey of Reconciliation
was a bus trip taken by activists to test the enforcement of the Morgan decision and challenge segregation in the Upper South
Thurgood Marshall
Who successfully argued the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education, and what was the key argument presented before the Supreme Court?
Little rock 9
were African American students who faced resistance and violence while integrating Central High School, showcasing the challenges of desegregation.
Southern Manifesto
accused the U.S. Supreme Court of misusing its power and violating states' rights, with members of Congress signing it in opposition to desegregation efforts.
GI Bill of Rights
Discriminatory practices, such as banks refusing mortgages and real estate covenants, limited African American veterans' access to GI Bill benefits.
Shelley v. Kraemer
held that courts could not enforce real estate covenants restricting the purchase or sale of property based on race.
studies by Kenneth Clark and Gunnar Myrdal
It was shown that segregation made African American students feel inferior, even if facilities were equal, leading to the unconstitutionality of segregation.
Governor Orval
He called out the state National Guard to prevent the students from attending classes
violence, threats, and harassment against the "Little Rock Nine"
violence and backlash that accompanied the desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock.
Discriminatory practices
banks refusing mortgages in predominantly African American neighborhoods or facing threats and harassment when attempting to buy homes in White neighborhoods.
weatt v. Painter case
The U.S. Supreme Court rejected the establishment of a separate law school for African Americans, stating that it provided neither equal facilities nor "intangibles."
With all deliberate speed.
phrase the U.S. Supreme Court used to declare segregation in public schools unconstitutional in the Brown v. Board of Education decision
1959 U.S. Supreme Court ruling regarding the closure of Little Rock's public schools
The Court ruled that the school had to be reopened, and the desegregation process had to proceed.
1955 murder of Emmett
The brutal murder of Emmett Till, a 14-year-old, shocked the nation and emphasized the brutality of southern racism. His open-casket funeral exposed the severity of the crime
Crisis in Levittown
showcased the experiences of an African American family trying to move to a White suburban community
Jackie Robinson
broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball in 1947
Thurgood Marshall
established the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund in 1940. He served as chief counsel in the Brown case, successfully arguing for the desegregation of public schools.
Alice Coachman
an African American athlete who won a gold medal in track and field at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
Rosa parks
an African American woman who refused to give up her seat to a White man, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Her actions were a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement.