L14
Convergence of Building Systems
Argues for "complexity" over "complication"
Embodied Energy
The impact (energy cost) of the given mining and production of a building material
Less energy is required to manufactured recycled steel than to use 100% virgin ore
Component Reuse
Cradle to Cradle
- cradle to cradle can be defined as the design and production of products of all types in such a way that at the end of their life, they can truly be recycled (up cycled)
Low Carbon Design Strategies
- Durability
Structural steel if properly designed, detailed and coated, is durable in exposed exterior, weather-protected exterior and interior applications
Categories of Environmental Control Systems
• Hydronic vs. Air • E.g.
• Hydronic uses water
(both hot and
Zollverein School
by SANAA uses
heated with
geothermal energy
within pipes
emabedded in
concrete walls to
provide “active
insulation”
cold water
Convergence of current and future uses
- Architecture can/should anticipate future uses
- Buildings programmed as an "open and flexible entity"
Total Operational Energy
Operational energy is responsible for approximately 80% of carbon emissions associated with a building.
This is the primary target for impact reductions
Component Reuse
Design for Disassembly (DFD)
DFD is a building design process that allows for the easy recovery of all products
Carbon Neutral vs Net Zero
Carbon Neutral- design strategy that looks to use no fossil or carbon emitting energy sources in the operation of a building
Net Zero- design strategy that asks that a building produce as much energy on site, via the use of renewable fossil fuel, as it consumes
Visual Comfort goals
Easy navigation
sufficient lighting
Minor differences in contrast
glare, reflections and stark contrast between dark and light areas such as the stripe-effect caused by sun shielding cast onto the concrete columns can reduce the visual comfort
Intensive qualities of building systems
considering flows, differentials, pressures, intensities
Recycle vs. Reuse
Adaptive Reuse - can be applied to entire buildings so that they were repurposed with minimal modifications to the structural system this would result in the lowest energy and carbon (CO2)
DFD In Steel
member sizes, lengths and connection methods should be selected that will be easily disassembled without excess force or the twisting or deformation of the members.
Categories of Environmental
Control Systems (ECS)
• Active vs. Passive
• Active requires energy input,
also can be termed
“mechanical”
means of
environmental control
• Passive does not require
energy
input, also can be
termed
“nonmechanical”
or
“architectural” means of
environmental control
Hygienic Requirements
Proper air circulation hygienic comfort as it removes is key to contaminants and improves air quality.
Sustainability and Integrated Design
"integrated design" (MOE) incorporates aspects of:
. Energy
. Site
. Climate
. Program
. Form
. Construction
. Regulations
. Economics
-As primary concerns for designs
Steel Recycling
- The degradation of a material as it is converted to new use at the end of its useful life is called down-cycling.
- Steel is capable of infinite recycling without suffering degradation its characteristics or capabilities
- Even structural steel can be made with recycled content, including post-consumer sources (cans, appliances, etc) and post-industrial sources.
4 ESCOLAS (4 schools)
ESCOLA A (SCHOOL A), ESCOLA B (SCHOOL B), ESCOLA C (SCHOOL C), ESCOLA D (SCHOOL D)
DEEPOIS DOS JOGOS OLIMPICOS
AFTER THE Olympic Games
Environmental Control Systems Principles
• Zoning allows ECS to optimize
according to different needs
throughout the building,
addressing;
Environmental forces
Function
Patterns of use
Ownership
Architectural Design
ECS potential
Natural ventilation
Gas ventilation
Leaks through openings, joints, and seals
Energy and Architecture
"structural solutions" are better than "power-operated solutions" (Banham)
Steel Mill Types
Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) aka "mini mill" uses 90% - 100% recycled steel
EAF are more common for a W structural steel shapes in the US
Low Carbon Design Strategies
Reduce Finishes
AESS (Architectural Exposed Structural Steel) reduces need for finishes
Categories of Environmental Control Systems
Distributed systems
more
individualized control
allow for
and improve efficiency if needs
of different zones vary widely
Mechanical Ventilaation
Major advantage is waste heat recovery
• Energy from exhaust air
waste reintroduced to HVAC system
Efficient mechanical systems contribute to a
building’s ability to meet a low-energy
target.