Neuron Anatomy
_____ neuron conducts action potentials away from central nervous system toward muscles or glands.
Bonus: what type of impulses do these neurons carry?
Motor
Bonus: Efferent (motor) impulses
True or False: Pia mater is bound tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord.
True
Pia mater: deepest of 3 meningeal layers
Which area of the brain is responsible for recognizing speech and what area is responsible for motor speech.
Wernicke's Area- recognizing speech
Broca's Area- motor speech
Which structure collects sound waves and directs them into ear canal?
Auricle (pinna)
_____ performs refraction (bending) of light as it enters eye and makes final adjustments for focusing.
Cornea
- easily transplanted due to no direct blood flow so rejection less likely
Where on the neuron are signals received?
Dendrites
Which space of meninge always exist around the spinal cord but not around brain?
Epidural space
True or False: Postcentral gyrus is where most motor impulses for voluntary muscle contraction begins here as conscious thought.
NOT bonus: if its true its true but if its false explain why if possible
False: precentral gyrus- most motor impulses for voluntary muscle contraction begins here as conscious thought.
Post central gyrus incoming somatic sensory information arrives here from skin, muscles, and joints.
Name 3 auditory ossicles.
Bonus: what are the other names of auditory ossicles
1. malleus (hammer)
2. incus (anvil)
3. stapes (stirrup)
What part of the eye lubricates and reduces friction between eyelid and cornea when blinking.
conjunctiva
What part of the neuron actually transmits true action potentials?
Hint: its the conducting portion of a neuron
Axon
True or False: The subdural space is between arachnoid mater and pia mater.
NOT Bonus: If its false explain why.
False: between dura mater and arachnoid mater
List the components of the brains stem
Bonus: Name/list function/ responsibility of each one
Hint: 4 components
1. Midbrain: visual reflexes and auditory reflexes
2. Pons: reflex control respiratory depth (shallow or deep)
3.) Medulla oblongata: reflex control HR, BP, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing, coughing
4.) Reticular formation: filter that limits amount info reaching cerebrum that control sleep wake cycles and determine level of mental alertness & filter repetitive stimuli
What are the 2 components of the membranous labyrinth?
Bonus: describe each structure
1. Cochlea: contain receptors for hearing
2. vestibular complex: consists of vestibule and 3 semicircular canals- contain sensory receptors for equilibrium.
What part of the eye nourishes the retina and helps absorb light to prevent scattering within the eye.
Choroid layer
_____ ______ is where threshold either reached or not reached due to summation.
Bonus: Explain summation
Axon Hillock
Summation: all graded potentials are created on dendrites and cell body then summed together at axon hillock.
what is between the arachnoid mater and pia mater
Bonus: how much cerebrospinal fluid is filled here
Subarachnoid space
Bonus: 140-150 ml
Name 2 components of the diencephalon.
Bonus: describe function of each structure
Thalamus: relays incoming impulses to correct portion of cerebral cortex/ acts like filter that controls amount info reaching cerebral cortex and memory processing
Hypothalamus: reflex control (hunger, thirst, pain)/ influence moods, emotions/ control ant pit gland to release various hormones
True or False: hyperacusis is extreme sensitivity to noise.
True:
Hyperacusis
caused by exposure to loud noise or paralysis of attenuating muscle (stapedius)
True or False: aqueous humor is not replaceable.
NOT bonus: if its true its true, if not explain why if possible
False: vitreous humor
- hold delicate retina against choroid
Aqueous humor: located in anterior segment/ continuously replenished/ drains out through canals of Schlemm
List 3 functions of the myelin sheath.
1. Speed up nerve impulses/electrical conduction
2. Insulate nerve fibers
3. Protect nerve fibers
The dura mater is composed of 2 layers, name the 2.
Bonus: explain location of each layer
Periosteal layer: fuses to inner surface of cranium plates. Does NOT descend with spinal cord.
Meningeal Layer: found around both brain and spinal cord
What are the 3 structures of the cerebrum.
Bonus: Describe function/responsibility of each one.
1. Cerebral cortex: conscious perception of sensory info/ conscious thought, reasoning, problem solving/ conscious control of motor messages to skeletal muscles for movement and speech
2. Basal Nuclei: control skeletal muscle activity by inhibiting unintentional movement
3. Limbic system: control emotion responses to bad or good news, pain
Describe otitis media
Otitis Media
- inflammation & infection middle ear
- follow cold after few days of stuffy nose
- pain settle within day or two but last over week
-sometimes eardrum ruptures discharging pus from ear but will heal rapidly
Describe difference betwee myopia and hyperopia.
Myopia (near-sightedness): eye too elongated or cornea curved to sharply
Hyperopia (farsightedness): eye is too short or cornea too flat