what is
is an enzyme found primarily in the liver and bile ducts, but also in many other tissues throughout the body.
GGT
Elevated GGT, combined with an AST/ALT ratio > 2, is suggestive of
alcoholic liver disease.
are minerals that carry a positive or negative electric charge in body fluids. They are required to maintain fluid balance and generate the electrical signals used to regulate heart rhythm, muscle contraction and nerve function.
Electrolytes
is essential for cell signaling, blood coagulation, maintenance of bones and teeth, and proper muscle, nerve and heart function.
calcium
is an enzyme produced by the pancreas to digest dietary fats.
lipase
is a waste product of muscle breakdown which gets removed from blood by the kidneys. Many different variables can affect its levels (e.g., dehydration, nutritional status, muscle mass, ingestion of meat, certain medications).
Creatinine
Patient with ______ may be asymptomatic or may experience muscle weakness or cardiac arrhythmias (i.e., ECG changes); cardiac monitoring may be required.
hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
helps regulate the amount of body fluids and helps cells in the nerves and muscles function normally.
sodium
is important enzyme cofactors and are involved in energy production, protein synthesis, gene maintenance, nerve function, muscle contraction, and bone formation.
magnesium
is an enzyme produced by the pancreas to digest carbohydrates.
Amylase
is a nitrogen waste product of protein and amino acid metabolism. The liver releases __ into blood and it is filtered by the kidneys into urine.
urea
The levels of these enzymes can increase in the blood when the pancreas is injured (pancreatitis), or when the pancreatic duct is blocked by gall stones or pancreatic tumours.
lipase and amylase
Sodium (Na) normal range is
135 – 145 mmol/L
are vital for cell energy production, muscle and nerve function, blood coagulation and bone growth.
phosphate
is the body’s main energy source and is regulated by insulin and glucagon hormones produced in the pancreas.
glucose
eGFR normal range is
> 60 mL/min
There is an increased risk of ______ in patients receiving corticosteroids or certain cancer medications such as immunotherapy.
hyperglycemia
Potassium (K) normal range is
3.5 – 5 mmol/L
is produced by the pituitary gland as part of the body’s feedback system to maintain stable amounts of the thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, in the body.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
is produced by the liver and released into the blood during injury, infection, or inflammation.
C-reactive protein (CRP)
the amount of blood filtered per minute through the kidneys.
GFR(Glomerular Filtration Rate )
Heart rate affects the ____ as it lengthens with bradycardia and shortens with tachycardia.
QT interval
helps cells in the nerves, skeletal and cardiac muscles function normally.
potassium
is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands. It is involved in protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism and helps the body manage stress.
cortisol
is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving the heart’s main pumping chamber, the left ventricle, each time it contracts. It is used as an assessment of heart function.
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)