Labor and delivery
Caused by umbilical cord compression
What are variable decelerations?
May result from fetal renal abnormalities, poor placental perfusion or premature rupture of membranes
What is oligiohydraminos?
Rapdily infuse 500-1000mL of intravenous fluids prior to this to prevent hypotension.
What is an epidural or combined spinal-epidural (CSE) injection?
Administering a fluid bolus prior to an epidural generally prevents maternal hypotension, which is a common disadvantage to the procedure.
technique by which warm, sterile normal saline or ringer's lactate solution is introduced into the uterus.
Increase volume of amniotic fluid in maternal oligohydraminos
Alleviates compression on umbilical cord
What is amnioinfusion?
the nurse and HCP are concerned about this condition if their patients' fundus does not enlarge as expected each month
What is intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)?
IUGR or fetal growth restriction can be associated with infection, placental factors, maternal factors
Divided into 2 phases:
Latent: cervix dilated 0-6cm
Active: cervix dilated 6-10cm
What is the first stage of labor?
Predisposing factors include: maternal hypertension, cocaine use, direct trauma, or a previous history
What is placental abruption?
Misoprotsol
dinoprostone
oxytocin
What are medications to help induce labor?
(cervical ripening, stimulate contraction)
Late fetal hypoxia, maternal hypotension, prolonged umbilical cord compression
What are the causes of bradycardia?
Heartbeat less than 110bpm for a 10-minute period or longer.
the four mechnaisms of heat loss
What are evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation?
is measured from the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next contraction
What is contraction frequency?
Absent
Minimal
Moderate
Marked
What is variability?
it represents the interplay between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system (push-pull effect)
Aquamephyton
erythromycin
What are medications given after birth to the baby?
Death of a fetus or infant from the time of conception up to one month of age
What is perinatal loss?
risk factors include: prematurity, post-maturity, cold stress, maternal diabetes
What is hypoglycemia?
Begins with the complete cervix dilation and ends with the delivery of the fetus
What is the second stage of labor?
Tone
Tissue
Thrombin
Trauma
What are the causes of postpartum hemorrhage?
SE: respiratory depression
EFM: decreased variability in FHR
Antidote: narcan
What are opiod analgesics given IV in labor?
Stadol (butorphanol)
Nubain (nalbuphine)
Lasts less than 3 hours from the beginning of contractions to birth
What is precipitous labor?
This is most commonly caused by Rh incompatiability or ABO incompatibility
What is pathological jaundice?
the head is born but the anterior shoulder cannot pass under the maternal pubic arch
What is shoulder dystocia?
Contractions at regular intervals- increase in duration and intensity.
discomfort begins in back and radiates to the front of abdomen
walking intensifies contractions
dilation and effacement of cervix are progressive
What is true labor?
increased maternal blood loss due to uterine relaxation, potential maternal vomiting and aspiration, and fetal depression are side effects of this
What are the side effects of general anesthesia?
Used to augment or induce labor; also used if applying internal fetal or contraction monitors.
What is amniotomy?
s/s include:
stained skin, nails
respiratory distress
crackles/rhonchi on auscultation
What is meconium aspiration syndrome?