Lab 1
what is the normal lab value for RBC
male: 4.6-6.2 x 106 cells/mm3
female: 4.2-5.2 x 106 cells/mm3
What is the normal lab value for glucose?
70-100
male: 80-96
female: 82-98
large: macrocytic: due to B-12 or folate deficency
small: microcytic: due to iron deficiency
increased: caused by elevated reticulocytes
what is the normal lab value for platelets? what does a low platelet count indicate?
140,000-440,000/uL
low: r/f bleeding
3.4-10 x 103 cells/mm3
actual count of leukocytes in a volume of blood
can help to confirm a DX
What is included in an LFT?
Ca, Protein, Albumin, AST, ALT, Alkaline Phosphate, total bilirubin
What is the normal eosinophil values and what does an increase indicate?
0-4%
increase: due to parasitic infection and hypersensitivity reaction
what is the normal lab value for basophils. What does an increase indicate?
normal: 0-1%
play a role in delayed and immediate hypersensitivity reactions
seen in chronic inflammation and leukemia
what is the normal lab value of Lymphocytes? What does an increase and decrease indicate?
20-40%
increase: occurs in mono, TB, syphilis and viral infections
decrease: HIV, radiation, steroids
2-8%
increase: during recovery from bacterial infection, leukemia
what is the normal lab value for sodium (Na)
136-145 mEq/L
Lab value that indicate Hypernatremia and causes? when is hypernatremia seen? S&S
causes: sodium overload or volume depletion
seen in: impaired thirst, inability to replace insensible losses, renal or GI loss
S&S: thirst, restlessness, irritability, lethargy, muscle twitching, seizures, hyperflexia, coma, death
what is the lab value for hyponatremia and causes?
136 or less
true depletion or dilutional
When does hyponatremia occur? S&S?
occurs: CHF, diarrhea, sweating, thiazides
S&S: abnormal sensorium, hypothermia, seizures, agitation, anorexia, apathy, disorientation, lethargy, muscle cramps, nausea
what is the normal lab value for potassium (K). why is K important?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
regulates renal function
what lab value indicates hyperkalemia? causes? S&S?
greater than 5.0 - medical emergency over 6
causes: renal failure, NSAIDS, Heparin, K sparing diuretics
S&S: arrhythmias, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, muscle weakness
Normal lab value for chloride (CI)? Why is chloride important? What does and increase or decrease indicate?
96-106 mEq/L
chloride follows sodium and water- increases and decreases in proportion to sodium (dehydration, fluid overload)
increase: metabolic or respiratory acidocis
decrease: metabolic alkalosis
What is acquired immunity?
Protection gained after birth.
What labs are included in a CMP?
albumin, BUN, Calcium, Bicarb, Chloride, Creatine, Glucose, Potassium, total bilirubin, Liver Enzymes
What is the normal lab value for BUN (blood urea nitrogen? What does this lab value indicate?
8-20 mg/dl
assess or monitor renal function
What does an increase or decrease in BUN indicate?
increase: acute renal failure, analgesic abuse
decrease: malnutrition, liver disease, fluid overload
What is the normal lab value for serum creatine? (remains constant in patients with normal kidney function)
What does and increase indicate?
0.7-1.5 mg/dl
worsening renal function
What is the normal lab value for serum calcium?
8.5-10.8 mg/dl
Causes of hypocalcemia? S&S? What an hypocalcemia lead to?
less than 8.5 mg/dl
causes: low serum proteins, decreased intake, calcitonin, steroids, loop diuretics, hypothyroidism, renal failure, vitamin D deficiency, pancreatitis
S&S: (early- finger numbness, tingling, burning of extremities) can lead to MI, cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension
What is the normal lab value for albumin and protein? S&S?
protein: 5.5-9.0 g/dl
albumin: 3-5 g/dl
S&S: peripheral edema, ascites, periorbital edema, pulmonary edema
What are causes of hypercalcemia?
S&S?
causes: malignancy or hyperthyroidism, excessive IV Ca salts, chronic immoblization, Pagets disease, sarcoidosis, hyperthyroidism
S&S: nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, anorexia, lethargy
What is the normal lab value for magnesium?
1.5-2.2 mEq/L
Causes of hypomagnesemia?
causes: excessive loss from GI (nausea or vomiting) or kidneys (diuretics), alcoholism
What are the causes of hypermagnesemia? S&S?
causes: increased intake, hapatitis, Addisons disease
S&S: 2-5 mEq- bradycardia, flushing, sweating, N/V
10-15 mEq- flaccid paralysis, EKG changes
over 15- respiratory distress and asystole
What can cause cloudy urine? What causes foamy?
cloudy: uric acid, phosphates. RBC and WBC in the urine
foamy: protein or bile acids in urine
What medications can change the color of urine?
red-orange: pyridium, rifampin, senna, phenothiazines
blue-green: azo dyes, Elavil, methylene blue
brown or black: iron salts, sulfonamides
S&S of hypoglycemia
sweating, hunger, anxiety, blurred vision, weakness, headache, altered mental stautu
What common respiratory virus require droplet precautions?
influenza, pertussis, mycoplasma
What is included in a CBC?
WBC, Hgb, Platelets, HCT
S&S of hyperglycemia?