synovial joints
what are the six types of synovial joints
- give examples
hinge - elbow joint (trochlear notch of the ulna fits directly into the trochlear notch of the humerus)
pivot - first two cervical vertebrae (rounded dens of the axis fit snuggly against an articular facet on the anterior arch of the atlas)
plane - intercarpal + intertarsal joints (joints between the carpal bones + tarsal bones)
saddle - trapezium + first metacarpal (carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)
condylar - metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers 2-5 'your knuckle'
ball + socket - hip joint + glenohumeral joint
what are the major bones of the knee joint
femur
patella
tibia
what muscle flexes the forearm at the elbow joint
brachialis
shape, location + function of the trapezius
large, flat diamond-like shape
superior fibres run upwards to the base of the skull + along the cervical vertebrae - middle/ horizontal fibres run to the thoracic vertebrae - inferior fibres run downwards towards the lower thoracic vertebrae
elevate and rotate shoulder + depress and retract scapula
what is the function of the 'menisci' of the knee
acts as a shock absorber
distributes weight evenly across the knee joint
enhances stability
what synovial joints are uniaxial
- joints that move across one plane
hinge joint
plane joint
pivot joint
what are the major ligaments of the knee joint
medial collateral ligament (MCL) - runs from femur to tibia
lateral collateral ligaments (LCL) - runs from femur to fibula
what muscle supinates the forearm
biceps brachii
shape, location + function of the latissimus dorsi muscle
broad, triangular muscle "swimmer's muscle"
fibres attaching along thoracic vertebra, down lumbar vertebrae, going upwards along the iliac crest, spanning across posterior aspect of abdomen and anterior aspect of ribs + inserts into medial aspect of the humerus (convergent muscle fibres)
abducts and medially rotates the arm
muscles on the _____ aspect of limbs extend digits, metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist, elbow + shoulder
posterior
what synovial joints are biaxial
- joints that move across two planes
condylar joint
saddle joint
what two ligaments within the knee form a cross-like shape
- how does this relate to the name of the ligaments
cruciate = cross (ACL+ PCL form a cross shape when positioned together within the knee
Anterior Cruciate Ligament - sits anteriorly to PCL
Posterior Cruciate Ligament - sits posteriorly to ACL
what muscle extends the forearm at the elbow joint
triceps brachii
shape, location + function of the pectoralis major muscle
crosses anterior aspect of shoulder joint
can act as both antagonist (bc flexes shoulder joint aswell) + synergist (to latissimus dorsi)
attaches around ribs, sternum + clavicle and inserts onto humerus
arm flexion + extension at shoulder joint, abduction + medial rotation
muscles on the _____ aspect of limbs flex digits, metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist, elbow + shoulder
anterior
what synovial joints are multiaxial
- joints that move across multiple planes
ball + socket joint
what collateral ligament would be likely damaged from a lateral blow to the knee
medial cruciate ligament
what muscle pronates the forearm
pronator teres
shape, location + function of the biceps brachii
has two heads + parallel muscle fibres running full length of the muscle
crosses over two joints (shoulder joint + elbow joint anteriorly)
flexes shoulder + elbow, supinator of forearm when elbow is flexed
deltoid muscle sits on top of the shoulder with three different proximal attachments (anterior fibres, middle fibres + posterior fibres)
- once the fibres contract what movement do they undergo
anterior fibres - flexion of upper limb
middle fibres - abduction of arm (crosses over superior + lateral aspect of glenohumeral joint)
posterior fibres - extension of upper limb
what bone is NOT considered to be a part of the knee joint
- why
fibula
the fibula sits behind the tibia - doesn't articulate with the knee joint
what muscle closes the eye
orbicularis oculi
shape, location + function of the triceps brachii
has 3 heads + bipennate muscle fibres
located on the posterior aspect
extension of shoulder joint crossing over elbow joint, causing extension of elbow joint
antagonist to those of the biceps brachii
what are the characteristics of the brachialis + brachioradialis
brachialis - powerful flexor of forearm at elbow joint
brachioradialis - drinking muscle (pops out when drinking from a glass)
elbow flexor on the lateral aspect