Lactose and Lactase
Evolution and Adaptation
Leptin
DNA vs RNA basics
Transcription and Translation
100
The sugar found in milk and dairy products
Lactose
100
A trait that improves survival and reproduction is called a(n)…
Adaptation
100
This hormone is released by fat cells and signals fullness to the brain.
Leptin
100
What does DNA stand for? How many strands does it have?
Deoxyribonucleic acid. It has 2 strands.
100
The process of making mRNA from DNA is called...
Transcription
200
The enzyme the breaks lactose into glucose and galactose. People who are lactose intolerant do not produce enough of this enzyme after childhood.
Lactase
200
Differences in traits among individuals in a population are called…
Variation
200
One major function of fat is long-term storage of this.
Energy
200
What does RNA stand for? How many strands does it have?
Ribonucleic acid. It has one strand.
200
The process of making protein from mRNA is called...
Translation
300
Label the reactants and products of this chemical reaction
Reactants: Lactose
Products: Galactose and Glucose
300
The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called…
Inheritance
300
Babies are born with high body fat because it helps with insulation and this.
Energy Reserve/Survival
300
What are the 4 nucleotides that make up DNA? What is the 5th nucleotide that replaces Thymine in RNA?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine. 5th is Uracil
300
Translation occurs at this organelle
Ribosome
400
Lactase persistence is an example of this evolutionary process, where traits that improve survival become more common.
Natural Selection
400
Explain why lactase persistence is more common in Northern Europeans but less common in East Asians using environment + selection pressure.
Dairy farming created selection pressure favoring lactase persistence mutations
400
What type of biomolecule is Leptin? What body system produces it?
A Protein-based Hormone. The endocrine system.
400
DNA is stored in the _____, where it is _________, it then travels to the ________ where it is _______ into _________.
Nucleus, Transcribed, Ribosomes, Translated, Amino Acids/Codons
400
A group of 3 mRNA codons that codes for one amino acid is called...
A Codon
500
In many populations, lactase persistence evolved because individuals with a point mutation allowing lactase production had higher differential survival and reproduction when milk became a major food source.
Name the three key components of natural selection involved.
Variation, inheritance, and differential survival/reproduction
500
What genetic phenomenon occurred in both European and African populations independently that led to the widespread prevalence of lactase persistance? What part of the gene did this phenomenon occur?
2 separate point mutations occurred in each population. They happened in the non-coding regions of DNA.
500
What is Leptin resistance and why does it occur?
Leptin resistance is when the brain ignores signals from Leptin, despite having good amounts of fat stores in the body. Leptin resistance causes increased hunger, a slower metabolism, and weight gain.
500
A gene is transcribed into the following mRNA sequence:
AUG – GAA – UCU – GGC – UAA
Suddenly, a point mutation occurs in the DNA, changing the second codon so that the mRNA becomes:
AUG – GUA – UCU – GGC – UAA
Using the codon wheel, create the amino acid sequence and determine which amino acid was changed
Amino acid changed from Glutamic Acid → Valine
500
If a DNA strand reads:
TAC GGA CCT
What would the complementary mRNA strand be?
What would the amino acids be using this codon wheel?
AUG CCU GGA
Met (start), Pro, Gly