This is an ARTISTIC technique that involves adjusting the F-stop to a higher-than-perfect number to close the aperture more than the light meter says to for perfect exposure.
What is UNDEREXPOSURE?
Using black and white film is generally considered this type of filmmaking technique.
What is an ARTISTIC technique?
A director normally uses this type of technique to pull audience members into the story, connect them with characters, or make them feel like it is (or was) an actual story that takes (or took) place.
What is a REALISTIC filmmaking technique or What is REALISM?
This camera FRAMING is UNCOMFORTABLE when it's used in the first shot of a scene.
What is a CLOSE UP (CU) or EXTREME CLOSE UP (ECU)?