Preparations and Crossing
The amount of money Memo and Lucho spend at the store before their attempt at crossing.
What is $26.
In 2009, the average minimum daily wage in Mexico (in either USD or pesos).
What is $4.10 or 53.3 pesos.
In 2009, the number of times the Nogales fence was breached an average of this many times a week.
What is 8 times.
What are artifacts?
If you accumulate this type of capital, you increase your likelihood of making it across the border.
What is migration-specific capital?
The approximate amount of time it takes Memo and Lucho to save enough money to purchase their food supplies for crossing.
What is several weeks?
The percentage of miles that make up the US-Mexico border that actually are secured by a wall.
What is 18% (or 351 of 1,954 miles)?
True or false. A California-based construction firm was fined in 2006 for hiring undocumented laborers to help build the border wall between Tijuana and San Ysidro.
What is true?
What are layups?
Two reasons that people who cross the border might not tell their stories.
What is: 1) because they don't want to/can't relive the emotional, psychological, and physical trauma; 2) because being an undocumented person robs them of a public voice to tell their stories.
Four of the food items that Memo and Lucho purchase for their journey.
What are any of the following: water, instant refried beans, tuna, sardines, limes, flour tortillas, bread, garlic, jalapeños, cough drops, beef jerky.
In 1989, the federal budget for the US Border Patrol totaled this many dollars.
What is $232 million.
This racist assumption is that border crossers, and Latinos in general, have little regard for the natural environment stems from the artifacts left in the dessert. What is one of the three reasons migrants might leave their belongings in the desert? If this question was already asked, you must provide a different response.
TBA - there's another similar question.
Two of the five typologies for sites designated and studied by De León and his team.
What are campsites, rest sites, pickup sites, religious shrines, and border staging areas?
What is the benefit of pairing archeological techniques, pictures from Memo and Lucho, and their personal testimonies? Be specific.
Archaeological artifacts give us some types of information (quantitative and also information about how many people may have been in a group) but doesn't give us the richly detailed, lived experiences and embodied traumas that Memo and Lucho are able to give us in their testimonies. Their photos give us a picture of just how arduous the crossing is, but also allows us to see 'from their perspective' what they think is worthy of taking a picture of.
One benefit and one danger of wearing black t-shirts and carrying black water bottles through the desert.
Benefit: Both will conceal them from Border Patrol.
Danger: Both absorb more sun, leading to hot water, and greater dehydration (tshirt).
By 2010, the federal annual budget for the US Border Patrol.
What is $3.8 billion dollars?
This racist assumption is that border crossers, and Latinos in general, have little regard for the natural environment stems from the artifacts left in the dessert. What is one of the three reasons migrants might leave their belongings in the desert? If this question was already asked, you must provide a different response.
TBA - there's another question similar to this one.
This is the clearest archaeological signature of contraband smuggling that the Undocumented Migration Project has identified, that distinguishes them from migrant sites.
What are homemade backpacks constructed from burlap sacks. They're used to haul bales of marijuana.
De León mentions an ethical conundrum of doing the archaeology of the contemporary around the border. What is it?
He is aware that he and his team may actually scare migrants from places of hiding. He remarks that he feels like he's "hunting animals" and it's disconcerting for him. Finally, he states that you might be recording someone's footprints and be so physically close to them but it can contribute to a strong sense of estrangement.
Name two specific dangerous things (it's all dangerous) that happen on Lucho and Memo's crossing with Angel and what possessions they end up crossing the border with.
The Bear. Running out of water. The javelina attack.
They cross the border with one backpack and a Bible.
In the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, this amount of money was earmarked for anti-immigration enforcement, detention and deportation.
What is 170 billion dollars?
If you've answered within $10 billion, you will get the points.
What was the main thrust of the argument by a person who wrote a response to the article "The Journey to El Norte" and why is it ironic?
Two of the archaeological methods/concepts De León uses to identify evidence of physical suffering found on the trail.
What are wear patterns, and modifications. Both of these are what he calls use wear, which refers to the modifications to objects that occur when people use them in various ways.
De León says that he uses the archeological method of relative dating when examining different layup sites. Relative dating is the science of determining the relative order of past events (i.e., the age of an object in comparison to another), without necessarily determining their absolute age. What are some objects they find that can be used to relatively date sites?
The black water bottles were first manufactured in late 2009 so sites with these bottles can fairly accurately infer that the rest of the objects are from 2009 or later. He also finds document cards. He may be able to date shoes, depending on the brands.