Land
1. Which landmark Supreme Court case established that formerly enslaved peoples were not U.S. citizens, even if they lived in a free state?
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
4. Which case extended due process rights to juveniles?
In re Gault (1967)
3. Which case established the “separate but equal” doctrine, allowing segregation in public spaces as long as public facilities were “equal?”
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
7. Which case limited First Amendment rights for students in school-sponsored activities?
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
19. Which case determined that student speech in school-sponsored publications can be censored, and is not the same freedom as a public form?
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
12. Which constitutional amendment was applied to the ruling in Gideon v. Wainwright (1966)?
6th Amendment
2. As a result of Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), this individual right was guaranteed to people accused of crimes to ensure a fair trial:
right to legal counsel
a.k.a
lawyer/attorney
11. This 5th Amendment protection, also known as the “right to remain silent,” was guaranteed in all future criminal proceedings because of the outcome in Miranda v. Arizona (1966):
right against self-incrimination
a.k.a
right to not testify against oneself
18. Which landmark U.S. Supreme Court case guaranteed the right to legal counsel for criminal defendants?
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
5. According to the ruling in U.S. v. Nixon (1974), this constitutional principle applies to everyone, including the President of the United States.
rule of law
6. Why was the outcome of Miranda v. Arizona (1966) significant? What was established?
It established the "Miranda Warning" for criminal defendants to be reminded of their 5th Amendment right.
8. What was the impact of the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court ruling?
Segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, citing the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 would later outlaw segregation in all public spaces.
9. List three landmark Supreme Court cases that applied due process rights for those accused of a crime:
- Gideon v. Wainwright (right to a lawyer)
- Miranda v. Arizona (right against self-incrimination)
- In re Gault (due process for juveniles)
17. Which 14th Amendment clause was applied to the rulings in both the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) cases?
Plessy: segregation did not violate the Constitution as long as facilities were "equal"
Brown: segregation in public schools was NOT equal, therefore unconstitutional
10. Which constitutional protection was questioned in the Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988) landmark Supreme Court case?
freedom of press
freedom of speech
both on school campus
16. In the landmark Supreme Court case Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988), were students rights violated? Why or why not?
No, because the Supreme Court ruled that schools can censor or limit student speech that is not in-line with the school's values.
School is not a public forum.
14. According to the In re Gault (1967) Supreme Court decision, which rights are guaranteed to juveniles accused of a criminal act?
- notice of charges
- right to legal counsel
- right against self-incrimination
- right to confront witnesses
13. How did the outcome of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) reverse the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?
The decision in Brown overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine and made segregation illegal in public schools.
15. Why did the federal government bring legal action against President Richard Nixon in the U.S. v. Nixon (1974) case?
He would not turn over tape recordings of secret conversations in the White House about his involvement in the Watergate break-in.
20. How did the decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) increase tensions between northern states and southern states?
The ruling raised questions over slavery prior to the Civil War.