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Edward Sapir states that language functions this way regarding "social reality"
What is a guide?
Steven Pinker mentions that Whorf arrived at his radical position working in this profession, where he noticed workers misconstrued dangerous situations due to language
What is a fire prevention engineer?
According to Sapir, in languages like French and German, one is compelled to assign the word for 'stone' to this specific category
What is gender?
Anna Wierzbicka questions Izard and Buechler's universal list of emotions by pointing out that the Polish language does not have an exact word for this English emotion
What is disgust?
Malinowski states that meaning is not always descriptive, but certain words act as this
What is an action?
According to Sapir, it is an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to this essentially without the use of language
What is reality?
As Pinker recounts, a worker caused a serious explosion by tossing a cigarette into one of these objects because the label said it was "empty"
What is a drum?
While English requires isolating notions to describe a stone falling, this language analyzes it differently by expressing it with a single word in verb form
What is the Nootka language?
To fully understand an utterance, Malinowski argues that the words must be placed in their proper setting of this
What is native culture?
In a ritual or ceremony, the power of words does not come from the language itself, but from this, which gives authority to the person who speaks.
What is the social structure?
Sapir maintains that the worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with these different things attached.
What are different labels?
Pinker cites Lenneberg and Brown to criticize Whorf, arguing that his claims about the psychology of this Native American tribe are circular and not based on actually knowing them
Who are the Apache?
Lakoff and Johnson argue, primarily on the basis of linguistic evidence, that most of our ordinary conceptual system is of this nature
What is a metaphorical nature?
The author criticizes psychologists who assume that there is a universal list that can be applied to all cultures of this.
What are emotions?
According to interpretive theory, culture is public and observable mainly for this fundamental reason.
Why is meaning public?
Whorf argues that this structure is not universal, but is particular to each language
What is grammar?
Much of our experience seems to support linguistic relativity, such as the phenomenology of struggling with this learning challenge.
What is a second language?
To describe a falling stone, this indigenous language of British Columbia specifies whether the object is visible or invisible to the speaker.
What is the Kwakiutl language?
The text highlights that understanding the meaning of a sentence requires knowing the situation in which it was said. In the example, the words were actually this
What is a boast?
To distinguish cultural meaning from a simple physical action, Geertz uses this concept of anthropological description
What is “thick description”?
Whorf states that we dissect this along lines laid down by our native languages
What is nature?
Gumperz and Levinson mention that, on the other hand, there is a "robust common sense" insisting that this physical object is the same whatever you call it
What is a stone?
According to the authors, if we imagine a culture where arguments are viewed as this instead of battles, participants would be seen as performers seeking an aesthetically pleasing performance
What is a dance?
For a conversation to be understandable, the anthropologist argues that words must be understood within this environment
What is the context of situation?
Geertz explains that there is a big difference in meaning between a simple reflexive movement of the eye and doing this intentionally to communicate something.
What is winking?