Types of Errors
What are pre-systematic errors?
These errors occur because the learner doesn’t know the rule in the target language.
What is negative transfer or interference?
When L1 habits interfere with learning L2, causing incorrect forms.
What is behaviorism?
This theory says errors are habits from L1 that interfere with L2 learning.
Who is Corder?
Distinguished between “errors” and “mistakes” in L2 learning.
What are systematic errors?
These errors happen when the learner knows a rule but applies it incorrectly.
What is positive transfer?
When similarities between L1 and L2 help the learner.
What is cognitivism?
This approach sees errors as part of a process of building new knowledge using existing knowledge.
Who is Selinker?
First to introduce the concept of “interlanguage"
What are post-systematic errors?
Errors caused by lack of attention or memory, even when the rule is known.
What is literal translation interference?
Errors caused by translating directly from L1 to L2.
What is Universal Grammar?
This linguistic theory proposes that all languages share universal principles.
Who is Noam Chomsky?
Proposed that all humans share innate grammatical knowledge.
What are conceptual interference errors?
These errors result from misunderstanding the relationship between a concept and its word in the target language.
What is persistent L1 influence?
Phenomenon where learners continue using L1 habits even at advanced stages.
What is interlanguage?
According to Selinker (1972), this “in-between” language system explains how learners form their own linguistic rules.
Who is Stephen Krashen?
Distinguished between conscious “learning” and subconscious “acquisition"