Morphology
What is morphology?
A.The study of the rules governing the sounds that form words
B.The study of the rules governing sentence formation
C.The study of the rules governing word formation
D.The study of the rules governing the relationship between word and social aspects
C. The study of the rules governing word formation
Explanation
Morphology is the study of the rules that govern word formation. It focuses on the structure and formation of words, including the analysis of prefixes, suffixes, and other morphemes. This field of linguistics examines how words are created and how they can be modified to convey different meanings. By studying morphology, linguists can better understand the building blocks of language and how words are formed in different languages.
What is syntax in linguistics?
Syntax in linguistics refers to the arrangement of words and phrases. Syntax covers topics like word order and grammar rules, such as subject-verb agreement or the correct placement of direct and indirect objects.
I can’t believe that you wrote a seven-page proposal in one day. That _____________________.
a. must have been exhausted
b. must have been exhausting
c. should have been exhausting
d. should have been exhausted
b. must have been exhausting
Explanation:
If we want to say that we are 95% sure that something happened, we use must have + past participle. We normally use should have + past participle to talk about criticism and regrets.
Exhausting and exhausted are not interchangeable. We use exhausting to talk about the cause of the exhaustion, and we use exhausted to talk about the receiver of the exhaustion. This rule applies for words like boring/bored, interesting/interested, exciting/excited, terrifying/terrified, etc.
The place of articulation for /f/ is ___________. This kind of sound is made with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
A. Labiodental
B. Alveolar
C. Interdental
D. Bilabial
A. Labiodental
Explanation
The correct answer is labiodental. The /f/ sound is produced by bringing the lower lip into contact with the upper teeth. This place of articulation is known as labiodental.
Define pragmatics
What is a morpheme?
A.The smallest unit of a particular language
B.The minimal pair of a chosen phrase
C.The smallest meaningful unit of a word
D.The minimal item of a linguistic unit
C. The smallest meaningful unit of a word
Explanation
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a word. It is a combination of sounds that has a specific meaning in a language. For example, in the word "cats," there are two morphemes: "cat," which refers to the animal, and "s," which indicates plurality. Each morpheme carries its own meaning and cannot be further divided into smaller meaningful units. Therefore, the correct answer is "The smallest meaningful unit of a word."
What is the function of a word which describes a noun or a pronoun?
A.noun
B.verb
C.adjective
D.article
C. adjective
Explanation:
Adjectives are words that modify (describe) nouns.
An adjective is a word that describes the traits, qualities, or number of a noun or a pronoun.
Rhymes result from sound rather than spelling, and words neither have to be spelled the same way ____ look alike in order to rhyme.
a. not
b. and
c. nor
d. either
Taken from a TOEFL practice exam
c. neither
Explanation:
A paired conjunction: neither...nor
Which of the following choices has a tense vowel?
A.Pie
B.Neck
C.Get
D.Shut
Correct Answer
A. Pie
Explanation
The word "pie" has a tense vowel because it contains the long vowel sound /aɪ/. In English, tense vowels are characterized by a longer duration and are usually spelled with a combination of letters, such as "ie" in this case. The other words listed do not have tense vowels.
Who proposed the Speech act theory which which can be considered the birth of pragmatics?
A. Ferdinand de Saussure
B. John L. Austin
C. Pierce
D. Noam Chomsky
B. John L. Austin
______________ is a word formation process in which you put existing words together to create new words.
A.Compounding.
B.Conversion
C.Affixation
D.Clipping
A. Compounding
Explanation
Compounding is a word formation process where existing words are combined to create new words. This process involves putting together two or more words to form a new word with a different meaning. For example, the words "sun" and "flower" can be compounded to create the word "sunflower." This process is commonly used in English to create new words and expand the vocabulary of the language.
What is the term used to refer to a syntactic construction formed by only a subject a verb and complement?
A. Infinitive phrase
B. Simple sentence or Independent clause
C. Gerund phrase
D. Complex sentence or Dependent clause
B. Independent clause
A simple sentence is the most basic form of a sentence, consisting of one independent clause (subject and predicate) and no dependent clauses.
There are four basic sentence structures:
A group of lions that live together is a pride and a group of wolves is a ___________________.
a. a herd
b. a murder
c. a pack
d. a bloat
c. pack
Explanation:
A group of wolves that live together is a pack
A group of crows for a murder
A group of hippopotamuses is a bloat
a group of horses or zebras are called a herd (hoofed animals).
What is the characteristic of diphthongs?
A.There are 3 vowel sounds.
B.There are 2 vowel sounds.
C.There are at least 2 vowel sounds and a consonant.
D. It is a combination between one consonant and a vowel.
B. There are 2 vowel sounds.
Explanation
Diphthongs are characterized by having two vowel sounds. Unlike monophthongs, which have only one vowel sound, diphthongs involve a smooth transition between two different vowel sounds within the same syllable. This transition often creates a gliding or sliding sound, as the speaker moves from one vowel sound to another. Therefore, the correct answer is "There are 2 vowel sounds."
What does deixis mean?
A. Deixis is the use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context.
B. Deixis is based on the information that is right and combined with experiences.
C. Deixis is an act in which a speaker or writer uses linguistic forms to enable a listener or reader to identify something.
D.None of these
A. Deixis is the use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context.
Explanation
Deixis refers to the use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context. It involves using linguistic forms to enable the listener or reader to identify something. It is not based on information or experiences, but rather on the context in which the words or phrases are used.
______ are small word particles, usually only a few letters, added to a root word to change its meaning or grammatical properties. Most of these are one or two syllables
A.inflectional morpheme
B.Affixes
C.Free morphemes
D.Circumfixes
B. Affixes
Explanation:
Affixes are small word particles, usually only a few letters, added to a root word to change its meaning or grammatical properties. Most affixes are one or two syllables.
In the sentence “The fat man ate food,” which part is the noun phrase?
A.Man
B.Ate
C.The fat man
D.At food
C. The fat man
Explanation
The noun phrase in the sentence "The fat man ate food" is "the fat man". A noun phrase is a group of words that includes a noun and any words that modify or describe it. In this case, "man" is the noun, and "the fat" is the modifier that describes the man. Therefore, "the fat man" is the noun phrase in the given sentence.
__________ I work on this all day, I’ll never finish on time.
a. In spite of
b. Despite
c. Even if
d. Even though
c. Even if
Explanation:
We use even though or although for something that is true. We use even if to talk about a hypothetical condition.
In this example, we’re talking about something hypothetical, so we need even if. Despite and in spite of are incorrect because they must be followed by a noun or gerund, not a subject and a verb.
Phonemes that have alternative phonetic realizations are called ______________.
A. Allophones
B. Minimal pairs
C. Onset
D. Rhyme
Correct Answer
A. AllopHones
Explanation
Phonemes that have alternative phonetic realizations are called allophones. Allophones are different variations of a phoneme that do not change the meaning of a word. They are influenced by factors such as stress, position in a word, or neighboring sounds. For example, the /t/ sound in the word "top" may be pronounced as a soft /t/ in "little" or as a glottal stop in "button." These variations are considered allophones of the /t/ phoneme.
Deixis is divided into three principles. Choose the three principles.
A. Person Deixis
B. Context Deixis
C. Spatial Deixis
D. Grammar Deixis
E. Temporal Deixis
Correct Answer(s)
A. Person Deixis
C. Spatial Deixis
E. Temporal Deixis
Explanation
The three principles of deixis are person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. Person deixis refers to the use of pronouns and other linguistic devices to indicate the participants in a conversation. Spatial deixis involves the use of language to indicate location and direction. Temporal deixis refers to the use of language to indicate time and tense. Grammar deixis is not a recognized principle of deixis, so it is not one of the correct answers.
Which choice describes the basic properties of derivational morphemes?
A. Derivational morphemes are affixes that can change the meaning or parts of speech of words.
B. Derivational morphemes are affixes that change numbers or tenses.
A. Derivational morphemes are affixes that can change the meaning or parts of speech of words.
Explanation
The correct answer is that derivational morphemes are affixes that can change the meaning or parts of speech of words. This means that when a derivational morpheme is added to a word, it can alter its meaning or change it into a different part of speech. For example, adding the derivational morpheme "-er" to the verb"teach" creates the word"teacher," which is a noun that means “a person who performs the action of teaching.”
Choose the juxtaposed sentence
A. “Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” —Anna Karenina, Leo Tolstoy
B. Running with scissors can cause serious injuries
C. Being afraid of the dark
D. "The night is darkest before the dawn"
A. “Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” —Anna Karenina, Leo Tolstoy
Explanation:
Juxtaposition refers to the absence of linking elements in a group of words that are listed together.
In no way _________________________.
a. we broke the law
b. did we break the law
c. we did break the law
d. did we broke the law
b. did we break the law
Explanation:
We need to invert the subject and verb here.
For these sounds like [s] and [f], the vocal folds are held apart to let air pass through.
A.voiced
B.voiceless
B.voiceless
Remember that consonants can be voiced or voiceless, for voiced consonants folds vibrate. For voiceless sounds like the vocal folds are held apart to let air pass through.
What is presuppose?
A. It is when a speaker assumes that the listener knows something.
B. It is when a speaker assumes that the listener knows nothing.
C. Both
D. None
Correct Answer
A. It is when a speaker assumes that the listener knows something.
Explanation
Presuppose refers to the act of assuming that the listener already has knowledge about a certain topic. This assumption allows the speaker to skip explaining or providing background information, as they believe the listener is already aware of it. Therefore, the correct answer is "It is when a speaker assumes that the listener knows something."