Wardhaugh Ch. 2
A dialect with an army
What is a language?
An aggregate of people joined in some common endeavor.
What is a Community of Practice
The linguistic speech pattern that Labov was studying
What is the postvocalic [r]?
According to Fischer's research, of the two sexes this one is most likely to perform changes 'from above'
What is female?
According to the Belfast research design, social networks are composed of
What are strong and weak network links?
Describes level of formality
What is 'style'?
Finding its basis in interactions, this is not something you have but something you do.
What is Social Identities
An adequate view of linguistics must take into account this
What is the uses of language?
This type of speech has connotations of masculinity and is adopted widely by men
Within a close-knit group who is the most likely to view innovations as too risky
Who is the person most central?
"Sets of language items associated with discrete occupational or social group" Wardhaugh
What is 'register'?
"The study of non-linguists' ideas about the regions, features, and values of dialects."
What is Perceptual Dialectologies
Labov's department store study investigated this social variable
What is social class?
The class with the greatest stylistic variation (005-087)
What is the UWC (Upper Working Class)?
While innovating groups are centrally located and composed of individuals coming from these socials classes (1), tight-knit networks are composed of individuals from these stratas
(1) who are individuals from upper-working class and lower-middle class
(2) What are the highest and lowest stratas
Asocial linguistics
Who is Noam Chompsky
British actress Gillian Anderson spoke British English in America as a child and was bullied. Today, she is known for being bidialectal. In an interview she spoke both British English and American English, going back and forth; an example of this.
What is Crossing
What is he (1) researched advertisements in local newspapers (Daily News and New York Times) and (2) compared prices of items to determine the socioeconomic index of the sales associates and customers?
Two reasons women are more status-conscious than men
What are (1) social positions in society are less secure than men and (2) women secure and signal their social status linguistically (and thus are more aware of the significance of this type of signal)
When is a person most likely to accept linguistic change
What is when there is something from the donor community that the receptor community wants?
A man in an elevator with a woman compliments her on her tank-top by saying "Hot top, babe". This is inappropriate. The woman subtly reaches for her pepper spray.
Speaking appropriately for a situation and level of formality it calls for is necessary for this. The man failed to display it.
What is communicative competence?
Lavender Brown runs in to Parvati Patil in the Great Hall and exclaims, "OMG, like, I totally love all of the butterfly clips in your hair! They're like, totally sparkly!"
Hermione, overhearing the comment as she passed by, mumbled "What an airhead," under her breath to Harry.
Hermione's idea of Lavender's way of speaking is this.
What is Hegemonic Ideologies
The normal workings of society have produced systematic differences between certain institutions or people, and that these differentiated forms have been ranked in status or prestige by general agreement
What is social stratification?
A method used by researchers to extract the most colloquial variety of a language
What is recounting a near-death experience?
While the Milroy’s account for the ‘innovator’ as something structural and abstract, Labov accounts for the ‘innovator’ as
What is a person?