Gender & Age
There are several ways to consider gender & language. One model is the dominance model. What is the alternative model?
Difference model
What study found that the pronunciation of (r) varied with respect to social class?
Labov 1966/2006 (department store study)
What era is characterized by an interest in language variation with respect to broad, social categories?
"first wave" sociolinguistics
What is a variety of a language associated with an ethnic group?
Ethnolect
What occurs when the last speaker of a language dies?
Language death
What is it called when an individual changes their rate of use of variants of a stable variable as they age?
age grading
What kind of expression is “what’s up?” (when used as a greeting, e.g. running into someone at the park)?
Phatic expression
What is a downside of the rapid & anonymous survey?
-minimal demographic information
-no recordings to return to
-etc
What term describes the phenomenon in which a bilingual speaker uses English with their teacher but a heritage language with their mother?
situational code-switching
What term describes the concrete measures put in place to affect the role or status of a language in a community?
language policy
What is the shape of the curve that shows how language changes over time?
s-shaped curve
What study found that certain linguistic features associated with African-Americans were subconsciously utilized to discredit the testimony of a young, African-American woman?
Rickford & King 2016
Sing, bring and ring are outside ____, but writing, reading, and studying are inside.
The envelope of variation
What can arise when two (or more) speech communities come into contact but their varieties are not mutually intelligible?
Pidgin creation
A term that refers to any variety of speech associated with a particular social group or context.
register
Women use standard variants more than men, but at the same time they drive language change, using innovative variants more than men. What is this called?
The gender paradox
Labov’s (1963) study at Martha’s Vineyard found that locals varied in how much they performed the local dialect relative to what?
attitudes towards living on the island
The following quote illustrates what sociolinguistic issue? “the aim of linguistic research [...] must be to find out how people talk when they are not being systematically observed; yet we can only obtain these data by systematic observation.”
Observer's paradox
What emerges when a pidgin becomes the native language of the community?
Creole
What is thought to be the reason why lower-middle class outperformed the upper-middle class in their pronunciation of /r/.
linguistic insecurity
What is the term for the process by which teenagers replicate and go beyond their caregivers' language, pushing changes forward?
incrementation
What study found that a person’s social group identity best predicted whether they adopted the Northern Cities Shift in the pronunciation of their vowels?
Eckert's (1989) Jocks and Brunouts study
What people were the targets of early dialectologists as the best representatives of a particular speech variety?
NORMS
Name three ways that different dialects can form
Contact or political, social, geographic, linguistic isolation.
We use the acronym S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G. to remember the basic components of a speech event. What do 4 of these letters stand for?
Setting, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms, Genre