Ethnicity
A variety of a language associated with an ethnic group.
What is an ethnolect?
What type of change does Image 6 show?
What is a change in progress?
This is thought to be the reason why lower-middle class outperformed the upper-middle class in their pronunciation of /r/.
What is linguistic insecurity?
Two factors that contribute to the formation of different dialects.
What are political, social, and geographic isolation/separation? Contact?
Among varieties of African-American English, ∅ ~ s are ______ of the copula ‘be’.
What are variants?
variety of the majority language formed in a multicultural, multiethnic, multilingual community with a large proportion of non-native speakers.
What is a multiethnolect?
an individual changes their rate of use of variants of a stable variable as they age
What is age grading?
This survey found that the pronunciation of (r) varied with respect to social class.
What is Labov 1966/2006? (The department store study)
What does Image 5 show?
What is an isogloss?
This principle requires that all the relevant forms in the subsystem of grammar that you have targeted for investigation, not simply the variant of interest, are included in the analysis.
What is the Principle of Accountability?
This study found that certain linguistic features associated with African-Americans were subconsciously utilized to discredit the testimony of a young, African-American woman.
What is Rickford & King 2016?
The shape of the curve that language change follows over time.
What is an s-shaped curve?
What does Image 2 show?
What is change from below?
Speech communities are defined by shared linguistic features, geographic proximity, and what third factor?
What are shared linguistic norms?
Sing, bring and ring are outside, but writing, reading, and studying are inside
What is the envelope of variation?
fluid set of linguistic resources that members of an ethnic group may use variably to construct their identity
What is an ethnolinguistic repertoire?
_______ is the process by which teenagers replicate and then go beyond their caregivers’ language, pushing changes forward.
What is incrementation?
What type of change does Image 3 show?
What is change from above?
The vowels in “cot” and “caught” sound the same.
What is a merger?
The following quote illustrates what sociolinguistic issue? “the aim of linguistic research [...] must be to find out how people talk when they are not being systematically observed; yet we can only obtain these data by systematic observation.”
What is the Observer's Paradox?
This study found that linguistic features of various American English varieties were subconsciously utilized in discrimination and/or bias with respect to housing.
What is the Purnell, Idsardi, and Baugh 1999 apartment study?
__________ is the process by which a new innovative variant first appears; ________ refers to how this change spreads through society.
What are actuation and embedding? (order matters!)
What pattern of variation does Image 4 show?
What is hypercorrection?
These people were the targets of early dialectologists as the best representatives of a particular speech variety.
What are NORMS?
These examine variation within a single person or group of individuals in real time.
What are panel studies?