TRUE or FALSE? Diglossia refers to the use of different languages, not dialects, in different spheres of society.
FALSE. Diglossia can be dialectal as well. (AAVE/SAE)
100
Myers-Scotten works with predominantly what data? (A) East African (B) West African (C) South American (D) East Asian
(A) East African
100
TRUE or FALSE? There has been at least ONE syntactic constraint on codeswitching that has been proven to be foolproof.
FALSE. All previously-proposed syntactic constraints have been violated in empirical data.
100
TRUE or FALSE? Most language faculties are located in the left hemisphere of the brain.
TRUE
100
Zentella's study is an ethnographic one on which community? (A) New York Mexicans (B) Los Angeles Mexicans (C) New York Puerto Ricans (D) Los Angeles Puerto Ricans (E) None of the above.
(C) NYPR
200
Explain the notion of High (H) and Low (L) languages in diglossia.
High = religion, education, other aspects of high culture // Low = hearth, home, work (sometimes)
200
What are marked vs. unmarked language choices?
Marked = unexpected, deviate from the "norm" // Unmarked = status quo, expected
200
What is a matrix language?
The main language in a code-switched exchange. It is the one that predominates the interaction. Sometimes this is difficult or even impossible to determine.
200
What is aphasia?
It is a cerebral disorder caused by a lesion or a strong blow to the head. It can affect language production and comprehension.
200
Does Zentella personally approve of the term "Spanglish" to refer to the hybrid variety spoken by the participants in her study? Why or why not?
No because of its negative connotation.
300
Give an example of a society that is diglossic and also bilingual.
How are the set of rights and obligations established for a given exchange?
According to which situational features are salient to the exchange, including status of participants, topic, setting...
300
Explain triggering with an original example.
This is when an item of ambiguous affiliation (one that belongs to L1 and L2 systems) sets off a switch to the other language. Ex.: "Fui al mall the other day to look for a new jacket."
300
A blend can be a transient error of monolinguals and bilinguals. Give an original example of a bilingual blend.
grasped = grass + cesped
300
Explain the concept of "follow the leader".
Children of El Bloque should continue in the language established by the participant in the conversation with a higher position.
400
Describe what happens in each of the four stages of bilingual immigrant acculturation in an English-speaking country (from a linguistic perspective).
Initial stage: Immigrant learns English via mother tongue with minimal interference. // Second stage: More immigrants know more English and can speak to each other in L1 or L2, more interference. // Third stage: L1 and L2 function independently, maximum number of bilinguals and domain overlapping, stabilized interference. // Final stage: English has displaced mother tongue, interference declines.
400
What is the negotiation principle?
This directs the speaker to "choose the form of your conversational contribution such that it symbolizes the set of rights and obligations which you wish to be in force between speaker and addressee for the current exchange".
400
The data collected in this article is from what country and involves what languages?
Australia - German, Dutch, and English
400
Green states that aphasia is not so much of a case where bilingual patients *forget* one of their languages, but rather...
...they have issues of control and/or activation of one language or the other.
400
Name two different types of crutch-like code mixing with examples.
Crutching, filling in, recycling, triggers, parallelism, taboos (p. 97)
500
Discuss the four types of variance described by Fishman when it comes to language choice.
Media (writing, reading, speaking), Role (inner speech, comprehension, production), Situational (formality and intimacy), Domain (topic, interlocutors).
500
What is an exploratory choice? When is it used?
It is a choice used in non-conventionalized exchanges when an unmarked choice is not apparent. It can include codeswitching to be indexical of two (or more) identities.
500
Myers-Scotten describes two"permissible marked choices". What are they?
Deference (maxim): "show deference in your code choice to those from whom you desire something or to mitigate a face-threatening act." // Lack of ability of interlocutor to speak unmarked choice (Virtuosity maxim: "Make an otherwise marked choice whenever the linguistic ability of either speaker or addressee makes the unmarked choice for the unmarked rights and obligations set in a conventionalized exchange infelicitous.")
500
Explain the inhibitory control model proposed by Green.
A specifier must control if a bilingual speaks in L1 or L2 or both. L1 or L2 must be activated or surpressed externally (spontaneous speech) or internally (translation).
500
What are the three factors that Zentella claims contribute to her participants' code switching practices? Name and describe each one.
On the spot (the observables), in the head (communicational factors and conversational strategies), out of the mouth (syntax and lexical limitations)