Which of these pairs of terms refer to the more and less prestigious and powerful language of a society, respectively?
(A) Subpar and superpar
(B) Superstrate and substrate
(C) Superlingua and sublingua
(D) Superpower and subpower
(B) Superstrate and substrate
100
What does NOT get transferred in language contact?
(A) Word order
(B) Nouns
(C) Verbs
(D) Expressions
(E) None of the above
(A) Word order
100
Which is NOT an example of a borrowing from English into Spanish?
(A) Quiero pedirle un RAIT.
(B) Tengo mucho LAUNDRY que lavar.
(C) Voy a LONCHAR en la cafetería.
(D) La RUFA está LIQUEANDO.
(B) Tengo mucho LAUNDRY que lavar.
100
Which of the following is an example of an INTERSENTENCIAL codeswitch?
(A) I went to the store porque no teníamos leche.
(B) Me dijo que he wanted to go to the concert.
(C) I hope that you get the day off mañana.
(D) Me llamaste? Sorry, I didn't hear my phone.
(D) Me llamaste? Sorry, I didn't hear my phone.
100
The processes of pidginization and creolization:
(A) accelerate language change.
(B) slow language change.
(C) have no effect on language change.
(D) linguists can't tell.
(A) accelerate language change
200
What is convergence?
An increase of similarities between two languages at any level: lexical, phonological, or typological.
200
What is "accommodation"?
When a speaker changes his/her diction, tone, accent, vocabulary or general way of speaking to accommodate to his/her interlocutor.
200
Name one borrowing that Quiteño Spanish has acquired from English and one from Kichwa.
Man, full, sorry, bye, etc.
Guambra, guagua, shungo, achachai, ruco, huasipichai, chuchaqui, etc.
200
Why is "Yo estaba bailanding with a new guy when my ex boyfriend came over to talk to me" unacceptable?
Because it violates the free morpheme constraint that says that codeswitching cannot occur between bound morphemes.
200
What is a pidgin?
A grammatically simplified form of a language, usually used between people who don't share the same L1. They are not native languages.
300
What is Media Lengua?
A mixed language, Quichua and Spanish.
300
What is "koineization"?
The process by which a new variety of language comes about through the mixing, simplifying, and/or leveling of different dialects.
300
Name two parts of speech that are at the upper end of the borrowing hierarchy, and two that are at the lower end.
According to Poplack, why is a codeswitched sentence such as "Yo le presté my brother my phone and he lost it" considered unacceptable?
Because it violates the equivalence constraint that says that codeswitching cannot take place where the two languages do not have parallel structures.
300
What is a creole?
A mother tongue formed by the contact of two languages that most likely went through an earlier pidgin stage.
400
Why is it that in Ecuador, Spanish seems to have more effect on Kichwa than Kichwa in Spanish; and in the U.S. English seems to have more effect on Spanish than Spanish on English?
Because in Ecuador, Spanish is the dominant language and in the U.S., English is the dominant language.
400
What is a possible motivation behind contact-induced divergence?
Identity - speakers with to distinguish themselves from a neighboring group by making their dialect LESS similar to that of their neighbors.
400
What are TWO motivations behind lexical borrowing?
Prestige, lack of word in RL, linguistic economy...
400
Besides lacking lexicon in one of the languages, give TWO more reasons why speakers codeswitch.
Identity, to fit in, to mitigate speech, linguistic economy, etc.
400
What was Lingua Franca centuries ago? What does the concept refer to today?
One of the earliest pidgins, used along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, based on southern Romance languages.
Today - the most widely used language in interactions between people who don't share the same L1 (usually considered to be English).
500
In language contact, what is "imposition"?
In a community with two groups, a majority with low status and a minority with high status, the minority acquires the language of the majority, relinquishing their L1. At the same time, the majority acquires the features of the shift variety of the high-status majority. (Eg: Anglo-Normans and Irish)
500
What is the difference between language transfer and language shift?
Transfer - application of some features from one language onto another
Shift - process by which a linguistic community goes from speaking one language to another after prolonged contact
500
Name ONE constraint on borrowing and give an example.
Typological differences, morphological complexity, bound elements, etc.
500
Explain the relationship between codeswitching and creolization.
CS can lead to creolization.
500
What is a semi-creole? Define it and give one example.
Partially restructured vernaculars displaying creole and non-creole features. Examples: AA(V)E and Brazilian Portuguese.