🐶
Mucociliary Escalator
dorsally to prevent collapse
how would you describe the lobation vs lobulation in ruminants and pigs?
lungs are well lobated and lobulated
which nerve is involved in the afferent pathway of the coughing reflex?
Vagus nerve
what term describes the volume remaining in the lungs at rest after exhalation?
functional residual capacity
what happens to air as it is inhaled into the upper respiratory tract?
air is warmed and humidified, cooling the walls of the nasal passages
exhaled - air gives up heat and water as it passes over cooled surfaces
What structures connect the tracheal rings to eachother
annular ligaments
which lobe is ventilated by the tracheal bronchus in the goat?
cranial lobe of the right lung
which type of bronchiolar exocrine cells secrete protein to protect bronchiolar lining against oxidative pollutants and inflammation, while also producing surfactant to keep the lumen patent?
Club Cells
how does compromised surfactant function impact the stability of alvioli during edema?
smaller alveoli are more prone to collapse due to increased surface tension
What feature in artiodactyla allows countercurrent heat transfer between the carotid artery and nasal passages?
Carotid Rete
what is NOT found inside of the cervical (visceral) space?
external jugular vein
what do the muscles of inspiration act to do during the process of inspiration? (what direction do they pull the ribs and what happens to the thoracic cage)
pull the ribs forward and expand the thoracic cage
what is the alveolar pressure during expiration
slightly positive
inspiration is a negative value (lower than atmospheric)
what 3 things does gas exchange depend on?
ventilation
perfusion
diffusion
What nerve innervates the muscle that adducts the arytenoid cartilages of the larynx?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
where would air travel to after reaching the tertiary (segmental) bronchus in the bronchial tree?
subsegmental bronchi
over all order: primary/principal bronchus, secondary/lobar brochus, tertiary/segmental, subsegmental bonchus, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and pulmonary alveoli
from cranial to caudal, what is the correct sequence of the nerves and blood supply of the thoracic wall that is attached to each rib?
Rib - Vein - Artery - Nerve
what is the result of expansion of the thoracic cage and contraction of the diaphragm?
increase the volume of the thoracic cavity
an antiseptic solution is being used to rinse the left paranasal sinus of a horse to treat recurrent sinusitis. After being deposited into the conchofrontal sinus, which space will the antiseptic fluid reach first?
caudal maxillary sinus
what is the lateral boundary of the cervical space?
muscles between forelimb and the neck/head (brachiocephalicus, omohyoideus, omotransversarius)
ventral border - strap muscles (sternothyroideus, sternohyoidius, sternocephalicus)
dorsal border - cervical vertebrae and muscles
what direction do the muscles of expiration in the thoracic wall run?
what is the main purpose of the pneumocyte type I simple squamous epithelial cell?
air-blood barrier
when is transpulmonary pressure at its peak
end of inspiration
what species has the tracheal bronchus?
Ruminants and pigs